摩擦材料原材料的介绍

无水氧化铝Aluminum Oxide (Anhydrous)

Specific gravity 3.1 and more. Moh hardness 9. Look at the hardness. This is abrasive! Stable at high temperatures. If particle size is too big expect drum scoring. Fine powders (10 microns) will polish the drum or disc. Crystalline in structure it is similar to the mineral corundum. Aluminum oxide, like most abrasives nowadays, is manufactured rather than natural. Because of this improved control can be exercised over chemical composition and crystalline structure. Crystalline alumina has a conchoidal fracture, and the grains when crushed, or broken, possess sharp points and edges.

（无水的氧化铝）比重大于3.1莫氏硬度9磨料，高的温度稳定性，如果微粒大划伤刹车鼓。10微米的细粉将抛光鼓轮或圆盘。结晶体在结构方面它与矿物刚玉相似。如同大多数磨料一样，现今，铝氧化物人造的好于天然的。因为这改进了化学的组成和结晶的结构的控制。当压碎时，结晶的矾土有一个蚌线的断口和颗粒，或断开的，拥有锐利的点和边。

氢氧化铝Aluminum Oxide (Hydrated)

Aluminum Oxide Specific gravity 2.4 Moh hardness 3. More a filler than an abrasive. Tends to fade, but has good wear resistance. Will polish the opposing surface.

氢氧化铝比重2.4莫氏硬度3 .比磨料加得更多的填充物。有衰退趋势，但耐磨性好。将抛光对偶。

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铝粉

96% pure aluminum in a granular form. Especially suited to low/medium duty applications.

Blend of properties for good refinement and wear reduction of the material and rotor surface especially in lining/rail applications.

在一种粒状的形式方面的纯的铝96%。特别适用于中低负荷，混合料有好的特性和降低摩擦材料的磨损和对偶表面摩擦副的磨损

硅酸铝Aluminum Silicate

Kyanite (Cyanite), an aluminum silicate, AlSiO often used in the calcined form will elevate friction levels. Kaolin or China Clay, AlSiO 2HO, are among the orthosilicates used in friction materials

蓝晶石（蓝晶石）、一个铝硅酸盐经常用于煅烧形式硅酸铝将升高摩擦水平。.高岭土或中国陶土，AlSiO 2HO，是其中正硅酸盐，用于摩擦材料。

煅烧氧化铝Fused Alumina (Alundum)

alumina and is harder and more abrasive. (Typically 97% alpha alumina, 3% beta) It is less amorphous, has sharper fracture lines which impart more abrasive characteristics. Large particles will score the opposing surface. Quantities in excess of 1% (wt.) in a friction formula will wear the opposing surface and, in turn,

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the brake lining.

纯净矾土更多做磨料材料的熔化的矾土（刚铝玉）供给者。它是更少地非晶的（典型的97%α氧化铝、3%β氧化铝）它的很少的无定型相，有给与更更锋利的断口线更具有磨料的特征。大颗粒将划伤刹车鼓。在摩擦材料配方中超过1%（重量）将磨损刹车片和对偶。

硫化锑Antimony Trisulphide

Antimony Trisulphide An orange pigment used in red vulcanized rubber. Not stable. Becomes black and crystalline (stibnite) when heated to 200250C. Considered a lubricant at higher temperatures (450C). Popular in Europe, but not encouraged in the United States because of its toxic nature. Better if you can manage without it! Used in pyrotechnology and the manufature of matches!

硫化锑用于橘红色颜料用于硫化橡胶。不稳定的。当对200-250C被加热时变为黑的和结晶的（辉锑矿）。通常在欧洲作为更高的温度（450C）的润滑剂。在美国因为它的毒性格不鼓励使用。最好你能不用它。用于火工产品和火柴的制造。

重晶石Barytes

Specific gravity 4.4, Moh hardness 3.0 - 3.5. A popular low cost filler, although its high specific gravity means a lot of barytes is required to fill a little space. Increases density some customers still think a heavier block is superior to a light weight block! Relatively inert high heat stability.

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Improves wear, lowers friction level a little.Many of the best formulas on the market are heavily loaded with barytes.Yet some manufacturers have difficulty making products with more than 5%. The secret is in the process.Barytes is normally a fine powder (2%<200 mesh, 98%<325 mesh) and large quantities produce a dense product impervious to the diffusion of gases during baking. Those manufacturers using copious amounts of barytes rarely open bake above 345F otherwise blistering would occur.To bake at higher temperatures requires the extra expense of confined baking on baking forms。Beware, barytes can be contaminated with metal oxides like silicon and iron oxides.The more silica in the barytes the higher the friction level of the finished product. Barytes with silica content at. say, 10% is not necessarily bad. Just recognize it is there and it is affecting friction level. Make sure your supplier sells a consistent product. In some places what is sold as barytes is, in fact, a mixture of barium and strontium sulphates.This does no have to be bad either.Just don't switch back and forth from one 'barytes' to another. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BARYTES Highest Density of any Extender Contributes to particle packing density 1. Improves holdout 2. Noise absorption 3. Contributes to improved adhesion 4. Extremely Low Solubility Chemically inert 1. Not affected by acids or alkalis 2. Insoluble in water 3. Low reactivity with binders (extremely low MgO and CaO content) 4. Low Oil Absorption Low resin demand/reduction in needed binder Low Moh's Hardness

重晶石： 比重4.4、莫氏硬度3.0 - 3.5。流行的低的成本填充物，虽然它的高比重意味着很多重晶石去填充。增加密度！一些顾客仍认为重的块胜过轻的块相对地惰性的高的热稳定性改善磨损，轻度降低摩擦。许多市场上最好的重负荷配方用重晶石。可是一些制

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造者5%或更多困难。秘密是在制造过程里。如果重晶石正常地是一个好的粉（,2%。< 200目筛、98% < 325个筛），当热处理时大量产产生的气体的扩散不能透过的产品使用大量的重晶石制造的产品热处理很少超过345F5F除非需要产生高温。。以更高的温度烘需要额外的费用。当心，重晶石能如同硅和铁氧化物同金属氧化物被污染。在重晶石里的更多硅石成品的摩擦力更高。重晶石同硅石内容在。说，10%不算差恰好使正常的摩擦水平。确信你的供给者卖一个一致的产品。在一些地方什么购买的重晶石，事实上，还有一种钡和锶Sr硫酸盐的混合物。这也不算是坏的。刚才不把其转回去上面重晶石的另一个问题'。重晶石的物质属性高密度，对产品存储密度有好处。1。改进持久性2 .噪声吸收3改进附着性能4 .极端低的可溶性，化学上惰性1。不被酸或碱影响2 .在水里的不溶3 .有关粘合剂于（MgO和CaO）比，有极端的低的反应惰性4 .低的油吸收低的树脂要求/减少在需要粘合剂用量，低的莫氏硬度

玄武岩纤维：Basalt Fibers

Basalt Fibers Produced from molten basalt rock which is fiberized by pouring onto a disc spinning at a high speed. Air or steam jets attenuate the fiber. Variations in disc speed, air.steam pressures produce different fibers.Similar to rockwool but the higher iron content;lower calcium content.Higher temperature resistance than slag fiber.

玄武岩纤维：从熔的玄武岩通过圆盘以高速离心的纺织纤维化的方法生产。空气或蒸汽射流截断的纤维。圆盘速率的变化空气蒸汽的压力生产不同的纤维类似于岩石棉而铁的含量更高更低的钙的含量。比矿渣纤维更高的耐温性。

铁黑Iron Oxide (Magnetite)

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Black Iron Oxide (Magnetite)Black Iron Oxide is found useful, especially in semi-metallic formulas as an agent for elevating cold friction. A popular ingredient in semi-metallic formulas. A mild abrasive, used as a fine powder below 325 mesh

黑的铁氧化物（磁铁矿）：黑的铁氧化物发现有用的，特别在半金属的配方作为提高冷的摩擦力。在半金属的配方的通用的成分。温和的磨料在325目下的细粉。

黄铜末 brass chip

Specific gravity 8.5, Moh hardness 3.5. Normal 'Admiralty' brass 62% copper 38% zinc.Often produced from machine shop swarf. Degreased by heating or chemically. Below 4% cosmetic only.Above 4% by weight in a formula controls fade due to formation of copper oxide which keeps the friction level up. Tendency to polish. Many companies also use brass chippings to help differentiate between friction material grades. Products with higher brass content usually designates premium material.

8.5比重、3.5莫氏硬度。正常的状态''黄铜成分62%铜38%锌。经常用修配间屑生产。靠加热或化学方法脱脂。仅仅用4%以下。在配方中按上面重量4%的控制衰退是由于生成氧化铜它保持摩擦平稳。磨光倾向。许多公司也使用黄铜末帮助区分摩擦材料的等级之间区别。

有更高的黄铜含量的产品通常使特定的材料。

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青铜粉Bronze Powder

Bronze Powder: An inert alloy of copper and tin providing a blend of properties that assists with the demands of the industry for wear and noise reduction. Especially suited for premium and heavy duty asbestos-free applications.

青铜粉一铜和锡的惰性的合金提供混合物减少工业的磨损和降低噪声。特别适用于优质的 重负荷无石棉摩擦材料。

碳酸钙Calcium Carbonate (Whiting)

Calcium Carbonate (Whiting) Specific gravity 2.2, Moh hardness 3.3. Tending to be used as an alternative to barytes to reduce cost. Lower specific gravity means less can be used. Not as heat resistance as barytes. Usually goes in utility grade products. Still it can be a very acceptable filler for normal applications.

钙碳酸盐（白垩）2.2比重3.3莫氏硬度。趋向用作是减少成本的重晶石的替换物。更低的比重意味着更少的使用量。不象重晶石那样耐热通常多种用途的等级产品。

正常的应用中仍然是很可接受的填充物。

氢氧化钙Calcium Hydroxide (Lime)

Calcium Hydroxide (Lime) Specific gravity 2.0, Moh hardness 2.5 Imparts hardness. Can be used in formulas containing steel wool and iron particles to

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inhibit rusting. Sometimes used as a scavenger to absorb gases during curing and reduce de-laminations. Improves thermal stability of pf resins delays fade until higher temperatures. A useful additive to reduce swell and growth.

钙氢氧化物（石灰）2.0比重，2.5莫氏硬度。能用于配方包括钢纤维和铁微粒阻止生锈。

有时用作一个在处理期间吸收气体并减少分离层的清道工。改进酚醛树脂的热稳定性和高温度的热力的衰退。有益的添加减少膨胀。

Calferox

Calferox A fused/inert material in powder form consisting of a range of inorganic oxides (Calcium, Iron, Silica, Magnesium, Manganese, Aluminum and others). Its processing and blend of properties results in positive effects and contributions towards friction performance. Can positively influence fade, frictional stability and material wear and also compounds/blends readily with resins and most other ingredients. Anti-stiction of the friction material to the mating surface may be positively influenced making it particularly useful in rear hand-brake applications.

Calferox一种在粉形式方面的熔化的/惰性的物质由无机的氧化物（钙铁、硅石、镁、锰、铝和其他的人）组成。混合料使摩擦材料具有正面的效能结果。能确定地改进衰退、摩擦的稳定性和材料的耐磨性和同树脂和大多数别的成分的复合物容易地的混合。防止摩擦材料黏结到对偶表面影响使用，特别是用于后轮手刹车的使用。

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氧化铬Chromium Oxide

Chromium Oxide Specific gravity 5.2, Moh hardness 2.5 Enhances friction, but not popular because of high price in most parts of the world.

氧化铬5.2比重2.5莫氏硬度，增强摩擦力，因为高价格因而在世界的大多数地方不流行的。

铜纤维Copper Fiber

Specific gravity 8.96, Moh hardness 2.0 - 2.75. Improves friction stability, product integrity / appearance and thermal distribution.Decreases the use of other materials in the matrix such as various expensive lubricants, steel fiber, more expensive copper fibers, various metallic components, etc. resulting in valuable cost savings, simplified formulae, improved dispersion in mixing and excellent product appearance/consistency. ifriction.com / Product Search

铜纤维8.96比重2.0 - 2.75莫氏硬度硬度。改进摩擦稳定性、产品外观和热的分布。减少别的物质的使用例如昂贵的润滑剂和母体像钢纤维，不同的金属的成分，等等。引起节约成本，简化配方，改进在混合方面的分散性,优秀的产品外观和坚固性。

铜粉Copper Powder Specific gravity 8.9, Moh hardness 2.5.

Increases effectiveness. Good thermal conductor which can conduct heat away from friction surface into the friction material itself. This can have both

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desirable and undesirable effects. Beware. oo much copper in a formula causes wear opposing surface wear! Probably because of the copper oxide formed. In Europe and Japan it is common to use large quantities of copper, or brass powders and particles in disc brake pads where high temperatures are generated. Such formulas can be almost semi-metallic. High metallic contents raise thermal conductivity and this affects not only performance characteristics but processing conditions like press curing and baking.

铜粉8.9比重、2.5号莫氏硬度。提高制动效能，好的热力的导体。提高摩擦材料自己的表面散热性，这些都是所希望的和防止不合需要的缺点。在一个配方中铜太多导致对对偶表面的磨损！多半因为铜形成的氧化物。在欧洲和日本在盘式制动器里它是普通的使用大量铜，或黄铜制的粉和微粒因为哪里产生了高的温度。这样的配方几乎半金属的。高金属的含量不仅提高热力的传导率和不影响特性和工艺的压制和热处理。

丁氰橡胶Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (Nitrile, NBR) More difficult to process than SBR. Can be used alone, or in combination with phenolic resins in flexible brake linings. Much better heat resistance than SBR, and oil resistant too. The possibilities of varying the NBR to resin ratio are enormous.

。For heavy duty applications the resin percentages will be high, producing a rigid, fade resistant product. Acrylonitrile powder is being found in an increasing number of friction formulas. Can reduce wear rate and improve stability in resin based formulations.Partially cros-linked, and will flow. Reacts with phenol and

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improves bonding with the formula.5% by weight is a normal amount to include - 10% may be too much. The adhesion characteristic makes it a particularly attractive ingredient in formulas with asbestos substitutes. Contains no oils so it can improve fade and low/medium temperature effectiveness.Wear tends to be better.Included in many recently developed formulas for rolling.Can be used in Plough and Eirich mixers rather than the slower sigma mixers usually associated with rubber containing formulas. Improves toughness of rolled products in the green state, and resists cracking. Contains about 5% talc. Allowance for this should be made when formulating. Helps effectiveness, compresses more (better conformability with the opposing surface) One manufacturer claims it helps with preforming!

把丁氰橡胶对树脂比的配比变化可能性是巨大的丙烯腈丁二烯橡胶加工比丁苯橡胶更加困难。能单独被使用，或与酚的树脂联合在一起制造软质的制动衫片比丁苯橡胶更耐热和耐油例如重负荷应用树脂百分率比率将是高，产品是影质的，耐衰退的产品。丙烯腈粉在一个摩擦材料配方中有增加的趋势。能减少磨损率和在树脂基的配方里改进的摩擦稳定性。

部分地交联连接，他容易流动。对酚起反应并改进有配方的黏结性能，在5%按重量是一个正常的数量包括- 10%可能太多。用石棉替代品的配方中提高黏结特性。 不含油，因此它能改进衰退和只低温的制动效能。耐磨性更好。在许多里包括近来发展的配方例如滚压法能用梨耙式混料机和比它慢的Σ混合器的好。改进滚压产品在原始状态的韧性。和防止龟裂。改进在绿的状态方面的碾压过的产品的韧性，抵抗破裂。含有5%滑石粉。当配方在使用的表面压缩特性的一致性，一个制造商的这里帮助予成型。

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天然橡胶Natural Rubber

Natural Rubber Not used much today.In most of the world cost is too high and although it has good processing characteristics its performance leaves a lot to be desired under today's conditions. Tends to soften, fade and smell when hot.

天然橡胶：现在不大用在世界大多数地方，成本高虽然它有好的工艺特性。，它的特性水平有许多要考虑的问题比较软，当受热时衰退和嗅到气味。

丁苯橡胶Styrene Butadiene Rubber

Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Still being found in many utility friction materials. Often used in combination with phenolic resins which impart some rigidity and add strength and fade resistance. Used in flexible coil materials. Results in less fade than formulations containing natural rubber or linseed oil ifriction.com

苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶（SBR）仍在许多有多种用途的摩擦材料里发现。经常用于与酚醛树脂的使材料有一定的刚性，提高强度和耐磨性用于弹性的刹车带材料。抗衰退方面比天然橡胶或亚麻子油的 配方小。

Enviroblend

Enviroblend There are two grades of Enviroblend; Standard and Fibrous.Standard grade is a Mu Powder (iron/silicia oxide powder) / Bronze

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Powder blend.Fibrous grade is a Mu Powder (iron/silicia oxide powder) / Copper Fiber blend.Quality controlled in terms of chemical composition, purity, particle size distribution, consistency and environmental factors.Friction performance, material/rotor wear and processing improvements can be achieved at lower total formulation and process costs.Decreases the use of other materials in the matrix (steel fiber, abrasives, petroleum coke, sponge iron, black iron oxide, and other various mineral fillers) resulting in significant cost savings through simplified formulae and further cost reductions on a price per volume basis.

Enviroblend标准的和纤维的。标准等级是微粉（铁/硅氧化物粉）/青铜粉混合。纤维的等级是微粉（铁/硅氧化物粉）/铜纤维混合。质量依据化学的组成、纯净、微粒大小分布、一致性和环境的因素控制。摩擦性能，材料/对偶的磨损和,改进工艺和降低配方成本。减少在母体的材料（钢纤维、磨料、石油焦炭、海绵铁、黑的铁氧化物和别的不同的矿物填充物）的使用量。通过一个简单的配方引起有特殊意义的节约成本减少单位体积的成本。

短切玻璃纤维：Chopped Glass Fiber

Chopped Glass Fiber Glass Fiber has been used very successfully as a replacement for asbestos. Not liked by some because of its 'low' melting point! For most applications this is not a problem. Some find difficulties in processing asbestos-free formulations.Those with a modest amount of glass fiber can be difficult to pre-form.There are several pre-forming techniques which satisfactorily handle fiberglass mixes.These processes tend to be proprietary.Some important points: 1) Choose a fiber with the right type of sizing to anchor fibers into the

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resin bond. This assures a good life. 2) A mixing process which preserves fiber length and integrity. This ensures good strength and flexibility. 3) A process which allows sufficient glass fiber in the mix to impart the good characteristics associated with glass.

短切玻璃纤维：玻璃纤维很成功地作为一次为石棉的代用品不喜欢的原因因为它的'熔化点低！为大多数应用中这不是一个问题发现一些困难是在物石棉自配方中。那些有一定数量的玻璃纤维那些能难以予成型。有几种令人满意地控制玻璃纤维的混合的予成型技术这些方法是专利一些重要的点：1）选择一个正确的型号和规格的纤维在树脂黏合剂只锚定纤维。

这保证一个好的使用寿命。2）一个好的混合方法保证纤维长度和完整性。这确保好的力量和柔性。3）一个允许玻璃纤维在混料机里充分混合尤其是好的特性的玻璃纤维混合料的工艺方法。

云母Mica

Mica ：Lamella silicate with molecular structure linked up in sheets extending in two directions.

So it is in platelet form, and as such contributes to physical strength if there is a good bond between the mica and the resin or rubber bond. An aluminum silicate, chemically close to vermiculite. Can be a useful ingredient in small quantities up to 5% especially in countries where mica is a low cost indigenous raw material.

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云母：分子结构的铝硅酸盐薄片，向两个方向延伸，由于片状结构，有利于提高物理强度和对树脂和橡胶的黏结，化学成分接近于蛭石，用量可以到5%，在有些国家是低成本的原料

丙稀氰Polyacrlonitrile (PAN)

iPolyacrlonitrile (PAN) Several producers in various parts of the world. Was originally developed as a replacement for asbestos in asbestos cement sheet and slates. One part of PAN will replace six parts of asbestos. It possesses good reinforcing characteristics and is a useful ingredient in heavy duty friction materials where good physical strength is required.

丙稀氰（PAN）：在世界各地都生产。原来作为为在石棉水泥板和石板瓦里的石棉的替换品一分丙稀氰将替换六部分石棉。它具有好的加强的特征在重负荷摩擦材料具有好的增强作用。

岩石棉：Rockwool

Rockwool Supplier None Recommended ifriction.com comments: This varies from manufacturer to manufacturer depending upon which raw materials are used. Blast furnace slag was the original ingredient. Basalt is used. Sometimes a blend. Limestone provides calcium and magnesium oxides, silica rock provides silicates.

岩石棉：多种制造方法取决于原材料的用途鼓风炉渣是原始的成分。玄武岩被使用。

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有时混合在一起。石灰石提供钙和镁氧化物，硅石岩提供硅酸盐。

蛭石Vermiculite

Vermiculite A micaceous mineral (hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate). Usually used in its expanded state. Heat resistant, absorbent, low density filler. Not fibrous so it does not add to the physical strength of the product. Used as a low cost filler, with claims it improves wear characteristics, reduces swell and growth. The jury is still out on the best particle size to use. Up to 10% by weight has been used in a formula.

蛭石：云母的矿物（使镁铝硅酸盐的氢氧化物）。通常用于膨胀蛭石耐热，吸收，低比重的填料。不含纤维，因此它增加产品的强度。用作一个低的成本填充物，同时有改进磨损特征，减少膨胀和生长。需要认定用合适规格的颗粒。配方中用量可以高达10%按重量。

硅灰石Wollastonite

Wollastonite CaSiO- This material varies in fiber lengths depending upon where it is mined. Wollastonite found in parts of South America is relatively short, and has minimal reinforcing properties.But it can be low in price, and judiciously used in extruded or rolled formulations where fiber orientation occurs it can be a useful ingredient.Indian wollastonite fibers are longer and can be seen in dry mix formulas where they probably replace more costly glass fibers. Moh hardness is 5

硅灰石供给者：这种物质的纤维长度由矿物CaSiO-。决定南美洲硅灰石发现是相对地

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短的，有最小的加强属性。而它价格低，有见识地用于滚压法配方，那里纤维定向是一个有用的成分。印度的硅灰石纤维长,能在干法混合配方方面被看出他们多半替换更加昂贵的玻璃纤维的地方。莫氏硬度是5

鳞片石墨Flake Graphite

Flake Graphite Flake graphite occur naturally, they are highly graphitized and may approach total graphitic carbon.

鳞片石墨鳞片石墨自然地发生，他们是高度地石墨化并可能接近全部的石墨的碳。

石墨 Graphite

Superior Graphite Specific gravity 2.3, Moh hardness 1.5 Occurs naturally in places like Ceylon and Mexico. Also produced synthetically. The Acheson process heats a mixture of anthracite or coke dust with sand to a white heat for 24 hours. The combination of silica in the sand with the carbon can form abrasive silicon carbide. Beware of synthetic graphite contaminated this way. Beware of high ash contents in some natural graphites. Get into the habit of checking graphite ash for abrasiveness. Chemically, graphite is very un-reactive. It is soft, crystalline, dark grey in color, and greasy to the feel. In burns in air at 700C (1300F). A medium (200/250C) temperature lubricant. Graphite possesses lower mu when wet, as in humid conditions. Reduces friction level, but may increase fade. Has been suggested as an effective cure for EMS (Early morning sharpness). With graphites it is important to know exactly what is being bought. Carbon block and

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coke (amorphous carbons) have the same atomic arrangement as graphite, but are generally regarded as impure forms. These are materials being marketed as graphite which are often not much different from calcined petroleum coke. (Calcined petroleum coke is 98-99% fixed carbon). Many are blends of graphite and coke. They may look like graphite.

They may have the correct ash content, but they will not behave like graphite.A quick check for graphite is to rub it between finger and thumb.Graphite will feel lubricious and will leave a graphite sheen.Coke will not.Try it and see for yourself.This test can also give an indication of the degree of lubricity.A more effective test comparing two graphites is to make samples containing each one and do an abbreviated FAST test.

高级石墨2.3比重1.5号莫氏硬度如同斯里兰卡和墨西哥自然地发生。也能够合成生产。艾奇逊法加热一种无烟煤或有对一沙和焦炭粉的混合物进行24小时的白热化的加热。在有碳的沙里硅石的组合能形成磨料的碳化硅。当心合成的石墨这样的污染。当心在一些自然的石墨里高灰分含量。养成习惯为磨耗检验石墨的灰分。化学上，石墨是很不反应的。它是柔软的，结晶的，在颜色里黑暗的灰色的，摸起来有滑腻感觉。在700C（1300F）在空气里烧里。介质（200/250C）温度润滑剂。减少摩擦水面，而可能增加衰退。在湿的情况下，石墨具有低的摩擦系数当充满潮湿的时侯石墨拥有更低的摩擦系数。它被建议的改善，治愈（早晨效应）效能。由于正确的购买石墨重要的。碳块和焦炭（无定型的碳）进行象石墨一样同样的原子的排列，而是通常作为不纯的形式看待。石墨买卖的市场经常与煅烧石油焦炭不同的。（煅烧石油焦炭是98-99%固定的碳）。许多是石墨和焦炭的混合物。他们看起来像石墨。他们可能有正确的灰分含量，而他们性能就不和石墨一样。快速的检验石墨是在手指和拇指之间擦拭它。石墨将把一个感觉滑腻并将产生石墨光泽。焦炭不能

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够。试它和自己看一下。这试验能也表示光滑的等级。更加有效的试验比较二个石墨是制造样品在小型的FAST 试验机试验。

二硫化钼Molybdenum Disulphide

Molybdenum Disulphide Another lubricant. For low temperature lubrication. (100C) Free of abrasive consituent, but can oxidize to molybdenum trioxide above 400C and combines with iron to create a good friction transfer layer.

二硫化钼另一润滑剂。为低的温度润滑作用。（100C）无磨损的 situent的，而在400C以上产生氧化生成三氧化钼并与铁结合生成好的转移膜产生好的摩擦力。

合成石墨Synthetic Graphite

Synthetic GraphiteSynthetic graphite is obtained from calcined petroleum coke by heating to very high temperatures like 3,000C. Some synthetics being offered are a by-product of the graphite electrode industry.

合成的石墨:合成的石墨是从以对煅烧石油焦如用3,000C的很高温度加热获得。被提供的一些合成品是一个石墨电极工业的副产品。

氧化镁Magnesium Oxide (Magnesia)

Magnesium Oxide (Magnesia) Used to improve thermal stability of resins. Fused magnesium oxide is hard and improves friction level not as reactive as 'raw' magnesium oxide. Some maintain fusing happens when high braking

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temperatures are reached. So all magnesium oxides behave the same eventually.

镁氧化物（氧化镁）：习惯于改进树脂的热稳定性熔化的镁氧化物是坚硬的并改进摩擦力水平,不同于'未煅烧的'镁氧化物作用。当刹车发生高温度时保持熔化。因此所有的镁氧化物最终表现同样。

氧化锌Zinc Oxide

Zinc Oxide Specific gravity 5.2, Moh hardness 2.5 A curing agent in rubber based formulations. Imparts some wear resistance, but excess can cause drum polishing. But zinc oxide is a component of high load capacity greases so expect some lubrication effect.

氧化锌：5.2比重，莫氏硬度2.5橡胶配方中由于固化剂。给与提高耐磨性，而能把鼓轮过度抛光。而氧化锌成分在高负荷容量有涂油似的润滑作用结果。

脱模剂Mould Release

Mould Release Mould releases have traditionally been simple. One company used a homemade concoction of molasses and lye (caustic soda). The lye has the effect of lowering the molecular weight of the molasses and reducing the viscosity making it easier to apply. Will also act as a cleaning agent. Most companies nowadays use either a soap-based or waxed-based mould release.

脱模剂：脱模剂传统地是简单的。一公司使用了一个糖浆和灰汁（苛性钠）的家里做

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的调制。灰汁有降低糖浆的克分子量,并在使用时更容易减少粘性,将也起一名清洁代理人作用。

大多数公司现今使用或一个根据肥皂或蜡基的脱模剂

微粉：Mu Powder

Mu Powder A fused/inert material consisting of a range of inorganic oxides (Iron, Silica and others). Performance, wear and processing improvements can be achieved at lower total formulation and process costs. Decreases the use of other materials in the matrix (steel fiber, abrasives, petroleum coke, sponge iron, black iron oxide, and other various mineral fillers) resulting in significant cost savings through simplified formulae and further cost reductions on a price per volume basis.

微粉一种熔化的/惰性的物质由无机的氧化物（铁硅石和其他）的范围组成。摩擦特性,耐磨性和处理改善能使配方和工艺的的成本降低减少引起有特殊意义的在母体（钢纤维、磨料、石油焦炭、海绵铁、黑的铁氧化物和别的不同的矿物填充物）里别的物质的使用。通过简单的配方在单位体积价格上降低成本.

铁红Red Iron Oxide (Ferric Oxide)

Red Iron Oxide (Ferric Oxide) Red Iron Oxide (Ferric Oxide, Haematite) is a mild abrasive. Used as a polishing ingredient and known as jeweller's rouge. Use in fine form less than 325 mesh.

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铁红（铁的氧化物）：铁红(铁的氧化物、赤铁矿）是一个中等的磨料。用作一个磨光成分和称为的宝石商的红铁粉。用小于325目的细粉。

石油焦Petroleum Coke

Petroleum Coke Used in calcined form. Obtained from sludge collected from oil refinery retorts. Probably similar to the old 'gas coke' or 'gas carbon' obtained from coal gas retorts. Low ash content less than 1%. High carbon content. Can be found in many graphite blends, so be careful when buying graphite, you may be getting a lot of coke. Suggestions it can help in reducing early morning sharpness! Like graphite it lowers friction level. Low specific gravity. Another case of a little going a long way. Can be a cost effective ingredient. Using petroleum coke is a cheap way to put some of the advantages of carbon brakes into a formula. Reasonable heat stable

石油焦炭,用于煅烧形式。从从炼油厂炼油后的剩余物收集获得。大概类似于从老的煤气焦煤烟碳黑中获得了。比1%低的灰和。高的碳含量能在许多石墨混合中发现，当买石墨时如此是谨慎的你可能正在得到很多焦炭。如同石墨它降低摩擦力水平。提示:它能帮助减少早晨效应，低的比重。另一情况长远损失小，是一个有效的成本成分。配方中使用石油焦炭是，放到含碳制动器里是有益的，一条廉价的路.合理的热稳定性。

烟煤Sea Coal

Sea Coal Specific gravity 1.7 gms/cc, Moh hardness 2. One of the cheapest fillers available. Low specific gravity a little goes a long way. Used in particle form.

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Very popular in the 1930's in rolled or extruded linings for light duty applications. Still found in low cost material for bonding segments, but its use is decreasing because of it acting as a lubricant at medium high temperatures. It just burns out the gases and juices formed act to reduce friction . Beware some coals contain large quantities of ash. Usual to chose coal with less than 6%. Check for abrasives. See scratch test recommended for graphites. Coal is not good for high temperature applications. Foundry coke is harder than coal, usually imparts lower friction. Not in popular use today. A little more heat stable.

海煤：比重1.7克/立方厘米、莫氏硬度2 .廉价的可得到的填充物中之一。得到一个很低的比重。用微粒形式。在20世纪30年代，在为轻负荷用的碾压或挤压出的衬里里很流行的。仍为发现的压片的低成本材料，而它的使用减少，因为在高温时起一个以润滑剂作用。它刚才燃烧时汽化和液化形成了减少摩擦力的行为。当心一些煤包括大量灰分。通常的选择灰分低于6%的煤。为防止磨料。看出过敏性的试验推荐用石墨。煤在高温度应用不好。铸造焦炭通常比煤硬，给与更低的摩擦力。现在不流行使用。稍微低的热稳定性

硼改性树脂Boric Acid Resins

Boric Acid Resins Both resol and novolak resins modified with boric acid are available. They offer properties similar to metal oxide modified resins: shorter flow, better hear resistance and limited wear.

硼的酸树脂：同硼酸改性的甲阶酚醛树脂和酚酣清漆树脂两者是可得到的。

他们提供属性相似于用金属氧化物改性的树脂：短的流动更好的耐热性和耐磨性。

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液体腰果由树脂Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Resins

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Resins Cashew resins are made from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CNSL is a natural resin found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell. Cashew nut shell oil is a substitute phenol. Compatibility with simple and other substitute phenols is excellent. Less flexible than other oil modified resins. Popular in all kinds of friction materials. Cashew tends to be less brittle than straight phenolics. Use of them, or cashew modified phenolics, imparts some resilience to the finished product. Can improve effectiveness. Helps to make a quieter brake.

CNSL resins shrink more than pf resins. No cure is known.

漆树果核壳液体树脂：漆树树脂由漆树果核壳液体（CNSL）CNSL制成是一个自然的树脂，在漆树坚果壳的蜂窝状的结构中发现。腰果壳油是一个酚的代替品。与其他有关的代用的酚的相容性是优秀的。比其他油改性的树脂更少的弹性。通常在在形形色色的摩擦材料

腰果油树脂比直的酚醛塑料更少的脆性。他们的使用或腰果油改性酚醛树脂，给与一些成品的回弹。能改进制动效能。制动更安静。CNSL树脂使比酚醛树脂更多收缩。无固化。

甲酚树脂Cresylic Resins

Cresylic Resins Cresols are obtained from coal tar and are chemically similar

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to phenols. They react similarly and today are used mainly to modify phenolics. They produce a softer, slower curing resin than resins from pure phenol.

甲酚的树脂：甲酚是从煤焦油化学上获得并是类似于酚的。他们同样地反应,今天主要地被使用改性酚醛塑料。他们生产一个比纯酚醛树脂柔软的慢慢地固化的树脂。

橡胶改性酚醛树脂Elastomer Modified Phenolic Resins

Elastomer Modified Phenolic Resins Liquid and powdered version available. Usually contain about 6 - 10% SBR or NBR. Impart flexibility, higher friction coefficients. Nitrile rubber modified liquid resin has been found useful in the development of non-asbestos formulations for the rolling process.

橡胶改性酚醛树脂：液体和粉末可得到。在6个10% SBR或NBR通常包括。给与柔性更高的摩擦系数。丁氰橡胶改性的液体树脂已经发现用于开发的滚压法的无石棉配方。

金属氧化物改性酚醛树脂Metal Oxide Modified Phenolics

Friction Material Industry Metal oxides added to resol or novolak resins will improve their heat resistance another 50 - 75F before they start to fade. Expect shorter curing times, and reduced flow. In the finished product, improved swell and growth characteristics. Metal oxides like magnesium oxide can be added at the time of compounding.

氧化物改性酚醛塑料：金属氧化物对甲阶酚醛树脂或线形酚醛树脂提高了开始衰退前

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的耐热性50- 75F。缩短固化时间和减少流动。在成品里，改进膨胀和生长特征。如同镁氧化物的金属氧化物能在复合的时候加。

线形酚醛树脂Novolak

Novolak

酚酣清漆

Called two-step resins.Prepared by an acid catalyzed reaction with less than one molecule of formaldehyde per molecule of phenol. Requires a curing agent to complete the cure. Normally this is added during the grinding operation so that the powdered resin purchased from the resin manufacturer is ready to use. Curing agent is usually hexamethylenetetramine (hexa). Novolaks can be powdered or in liquid form.

称为两步法树脂。用酸催化酚的克分子与甲醛的克分子比较小的反应。需要一种固化剂帮助完成固化。通常粉碎加工成粉末的树脂从树脂制造者购买使用。固化剂通常是六次hexamethylenetetramine（hexa）。酚酣清漆能是粉末的或液体的形式。

油改性树脂：Oil-Modified Resins

Oil-Modified Resins Used in the friction industry where flexibility is required, and where bending and post cure forming processes are used. Oils used can be linseed, tung, castor or soybean. Tend to impart higher friction levels. Poor fade

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characteristics.

油改性树脂：用需要弹性的工业用摩擦材料，刹车带和固化法生产的摩擦材料。油使用了能是亚麻子油，桐油、调味油或大豆油。趋向给与更高的摩擦水面。差的衰退特性

一步法酚醛树脂Resol Resins

Resol Resins Called one-step resins because they contain sufficient formaldehyde for completion of the cure. Resol resins tend to be harder and more brittle and possess greater heat resistance than novolak resins. Use a basic catalyst. Can be obtained as powder or liquid.

甲阶酚醛树脂树脂：称为一步法树脂，它含有足够的甲醛完成固化，甲阶酚醛树脂树脂趋向是硬更和脆和拥有比酚酣清漆树脂更好的耐热性使用一种碱触媒。能作为粉或液体获得。

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