英汉补充练习

Unit 1：

Translate the following text into Chinese： 1．

How To Talk About The World

（Most people assume that a text in one language can be accurately translated into another language, so long as the translator uses a good bilingual dictionary. But that is not so, because words that are familiar in one language may have no equivalent usage in another. The word home, for example, has special meaning for English speakers, particularly those who live in the British Isles. To an Englishman, a home is more than the physical structure in which he resides; it is his castle, no matter how humble, the place of his origins, fondly remembered, as well as his present environment of happy family relationships. This is my home says the Englishman, and he thereby points not only to a structure but also to a way of life. The same feeling, though, cannot be expressed even in a language whose history is as closely intertwined with English as is French. The closest a Frenchman can come is Voila ma maison or Voila mon logis--words equivalent to the English house but certainly not to the English home.）

Mark Twain humorously demonstrated the problems of translation when he published the original version of his well-known story \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.\" Followed by a Frenchman's translation of it, and then a literal translation from the French back into English. Here are a few sentences from each version:

Twain's Original Version:\" Well, there was a feller here once by the name of Jim smiley, in the winter of '49--- or maybe it was the spring of '50--- I don't recollect exactly, somehow though what makes me think it was one or the other is because I remember the big flume wasn't finished when he first come to the camp.\" French Version:…

Literal retranslation into English:….

Twain, of course, exaggerated his example of bizarre translation--but sometimes such ineptness can have disastrous consequences. At the end of the July 1945, Germany and Italy had surrendered and the Allies issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender also. Japan's premier call a press conference at which he stated that his country would mokusatsu the allied ultimatum. The word mokusatsu was an extremely unfortunate choice. The premier apparently intended it to mean that the cabinet would \"consider\" the ultimatum. But the word has another meaning, \"take no notice of,\" and that was the one the English-language translators at Domei, Japan's overseas broadcasting agency, used. The world heard that Japan and rejected the ultimatum---instead of that Japan was still considering it. Domei 's mistranslation led the United States to send B-29s, laden with atomic bombs, over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Apparently, if mokusatsu had been correctly translated, the atomic bomb need never have been dropped.

Unit 2：

Translate the following text into Chinese：

1．The most important sphere of giving, however, is not that of material things, but lies in the specially human realm. What does one person give to another? He gives of himself, of the most precious thing he has, he gives of his life. This does not necessarily mean that he sacrifices his life for the other--- but that he gives him of that which is alive in him; he gives him of his joy, of his understanding, of his knowledge, of his humor, of his sadness—of all expressions and manifestations of that which is alive in him. In thus giving of his life, he enriches the other person, he enhances the other‟s sense of aliveness by enhancing his own sense of aliveness. He does not give in order to receive; giving is in itself exquisite joy. But in giving he cannot help bringing something to life in the other person, and this which is brought to life reflects back to him; in truly giving, he cannot help receiving that which is given back to him. Giving implies to make the other person a giver also and they both share in the joy of what they have brought to life. In the act of giving, something is born, and both persons involved are grateful for the life that is born of them. Specially with regard to love this means: love is a power which produces love; impotence is the inability to produce love. This thought has been beautifully expressed by Marx: “Assume,” he says, “man as man, and his relation to the world as a human one, and you can exchange love only for love, confidence for confidence, etc. If you wish to enjoy art, you must be a person who has a really stimulating and furthering influence on other people. Every one of your relationships to man and to nature must be a definite expression of your real, individual life corresponding to the object of your will. If you love without calling forth love, that is, if your love as such does not produce love, if by means of an expression of life as a living person you do not make of yourself a loved person then your love is impotent, a misfortune.”

--- From Erich Fromm “the art of loving”

2．

Accomplishment is often deceptive because we don't see the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break, and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three. Not that we could all be concert pianists just by exercising enough discipline. Rather, each of us has the makings of success in some endeavor, but we will achieve this only if we apply our wills and work at it.

How can we acquire stick-to-itiveness? There is no simple, fast formula. But I

have developed a way of thinking that has rescued my own vacillating will more than once. Here are the basic elements:

\"WON'T POWER\". This is as important as WILL power. The ancient Chinese philosopher Mencius said, \"Men must be decided on what they will not do, and then they are able to act with vigor in what they ought to do.\"

Discipline means choices. Every time you say yes to a goal or objective, you say no to many more. Every prize has its price. The prize is the yes; the price is the no. Igor Gorin, the noted Ukrainian-American baritone, told of his early days studying voice. He loved to smoke a pipe, but one day his professor said, \"Igor, you will have to make up your mind whether you are going to be a great singer, or a great pipesmoker. You cannot be both.\" So the pipe went.

Unit 3：

Translate the following text into Chinese：

Veronica Horst was stung by a bee, and it should have produced no more than a minute of annoyance and pain, but she, in the apparent bloom of health at the age of twenty-nine, turned out to be susceptible to anaphylactic shock（过敏性休克）, and nearly died. Fortunately, her husband, Gregor, was with her, and threw her fainting body, all but blood-pressureless, into their car and speeded careening（横冲直撞）through the heart of town to the hospital, where she was saved. When Les Miller heard about the event, from his wife, Lisa, who was breathlessly fresh from a session of gossip and women‟s tennis, he was stung by jealousy: he and Veronica had had an affair the previous summer, and by the rights of love he should have been the one to be with her and to save her heroically. Gregor even had the presence of mind, afterward, to go around to the local police and explain why he had been speeding and careening through stop signs. “It seems incredible,” Lisa innocently told her husband, “that here she‟s nearly thirty and apparently has never been stung before, so nobody knew she would react this way. As a child I was always getting stung, weren‟t you?”

--- from John Updike “Delicate Wife”

Unit 4：

Translate the following text into Chinese：

1．

For all the diversity of the people who work at WP Foods, there is one single thing that unites us all: a passion to create something special and a determination to be the best in whatever we do. We‟ve been producing high-quality foods for over a century, and we travel to the ends of the earth to create the next generation of foods and drinks so as to delight our millions of customers. And thanks to our dedicated staff, our much-loved brands just keep getting better. We are now seeking to appoint innovators to manage a number of new teams in the organization. Applicants must have a research degree in Food Technology plus at least four years‟ industrial experience. We need people with a high level of team spirit who show themselves capable of explaining technical concepts to non-technical people. Those appointed will spend significant amounts of time in other countries for seeking new ingredients, but will also have a major influence on change throughout the business.

2．

The forms of zest are innumerable. Sherlock Holmes, it may be remembered, picked up a hat which he happened to find lying in the street. After looking at it for a moment he remarked that its owner had come down in the world as the result of drink, and that his wife was no longer so fond of him as she used to be. Life could never be boring to a man to whom casual objects offered such a wealth of interest. Think of the different things that may be noticed in the course of a country walk. One man may be interested in the birds, another in the vegetation, another in the geology, yet another in the agriculture, and so on. Any one of these things is interesting of it interests you, and, other things being equal, the man who is interested in any one of them is a man better adapted to the world than the man who is not interested.

From Bertrand Russel: “On Zest”

3． You Are What You Think … …

Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Seligman and his colleague Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-Percent more insurance than did the negative-thinker. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.

Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10-percent more insurance than did the average representative.

How did they do it? The secret to an optimist's success, according to Seligman, is in his \"explanatory style.\" When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. \"I'm no good at this, \"he says, \"I always fail.\" The optimist looks for loopholes. He blames the weather, the phone connection, even the other person. The customer was in a bad mood, he thinks. Then things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.

4．

CEOs in Hot Water

Not long ago, chief executive officers (CEOs) were lauded as heroes, leaders of the brave new economy. Bill Gates and Jack Welch were the two most celebrated American CEOs, hailed as geniuses, superstars and revolutionaries.

Talk about 180 degrees. As part of the severe backlash to Enron and other scandals, CEOs are now vilified--- even criminalized--- like never before.

Microsoft founder Gates is considered an ego-driven leader of a monopoly--- and even $253 million in charitable donations (almost five times more than what the next most generous philanthropist gives) can‟t repair his image. The reputation of former General Electric chairman Welch has been badly tarnished by revelations of generous perks and retirement provisions.

The „imperial CEO‟ has been downsized. Today‟s CEOs find themselves under siege for a variety of sins --- and not just in the USA. Enronitis has spread farther and wider than SARS, taking CEOs as its victims across the globe.

A record number of CEOs worldwide were sacked for performance reasons in 2002, up 70 per cent on 2001 and nearly four times the number compiled in 1995. In the Asia-Pacific region, where CEOs were relatively immune from such actions, firings have now reached American and European levels.

CEOs are even considered to be potential criminals. Thanks to the media, the image of the American CEO is a middle-aged man being led away in handcuffs. The latest CEO to be hauled off is a middle-aged woman: Martha Stewart, America‟s A-list celebrity homemaker and founder of the company that bears her name.

But since Enron and other scandals, Americans don‟t need much convincing, when it comes to mistrusting business leaders. A recent poll in Investor’s Business Daily found that only eight per cent of Americans have high confidence in the honesty and integrity of corporate CEOs, and only four per cent hold CEOs in „high esteem‟.

In today‟s CEO-bashing environment, executives‟ actions are more scrutinized and regulated than ever before.

In the USA, congress has passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which, among other things, requires CEOs to personally certify to the accuracy of the company‟s accounts. In Britain, investment banker Derek Higgs has proposed a new code of corporate governance, spelling out new responsibilities and liabilities for executives and boards of directors.

Fortune has praised the „new breed‟ of CEO: the latest crop of CEOs is disciplined, deferential, even a bit dull. Less self-reliant, today‟s CEOs turn to counselors to help “rehab behavior” to become self-aware, ever-improving and „the opposite of the Enronesque narcissist‟. The opportunity to run a major company used to be an executive‟s highest aspiration. Now more than half of senior executives surveyed said they would turn down the CEO position.

CEOs have responded defensively to the onslaught on their profession. As Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, warily puts it: „I find that all of a sudden I am a member of a class---CEOs--- that is held in lower repute than priests.‟

It appears that most CEOs have decided to lie low, hoping that the storm will pass. The Business Roundtable, an association of CEOs, has been relatively quiet of late; as Fortune reported, during key debates the organization „chose to work behind the scenes --- and then mostly to water down reforms‟.

Some might feel little affinity with CEOs --- their roles are not, after all, altruistic or public-serving ones. But in slamming CEOs, critics often knock values worth defending in everyone--- like leadership, individual achievement and ambition. Even the pursuit of self-interest and simply wanting more can be progressive. On the other hand, caution and modesty have their place, but they are not likely to produce innovative technology, build great cities or fight disease.

Geniuses, superstars, revolutionaries --- we could do with some. Unit 5：

Translate the following text into Chinese. 1． Americans cleave to the things of his world as if assured that they will never die, and yet are in such a rush to snatch any that come within their reach, as if expecting to stop living before they have relished them. They clutch everything but hold nothing fast, and so lose grip as they hurry after some new delight.

An American will build a house in which to pass his old age and sell it before the roof is on; he will plant a garden and rent it just as the trees are coming into bearing; he will clear a field and leave others to reap the harvest; he will take up a profession and leave it, settle in one place and soon go off elsewhere with his changing desires. If his private business allows him a moment‟s relaxation, he will plunge at once into the whirlpool of politics. Then, if at the end of a year crammed with work he has a little spare leisure, his restless curiosity goes with him traveling up and down the vast territories of the United States. Thus he will travel five hundred miles in a few days as a distraction from his happiness.

Death steps in in the end and stops him before he has grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes him.

(From an English translation of Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville)

Unit 6：

Translate the underlined part into Chinese.

1．Accomplishment is often deceptive because we don't see the pain and perseverance that

produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break, and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three. Not that we could all be concert pianists just by exercising enough discipline. Rather, each of us has the makings of success in some endeavor, but we will achieve this only if we apply our wills and work at it.

How can we acquire stick-to-itiveness? There is no simple, fast formula. But I have developed a way of thinking that has rescued my own vacillating will more than once. Here are the basic elements:

\"WON'T POWER\". This is as important as WILL power. The ancient Chinese philosopher Mencius said, \"Men must be decided on what they will not do, and then they are able to act with vigor in what they ought to do.\"

Discipline means choices. Every time you say yes to a goal or objective, you say no to many more. Every prize has its price. The prize is the yes; the price is the no. Igor Gorin, the noted Ukrainian-American baritone, told of his early days studying voice. He loved to smoke a pipe, but one day his professor said, \"Igor, you will have to make up your mind whether you are going to be a great singer, or a great pipesmoker. You cannot be both.\" So the pipe went.

2. The writer of genius cannot help responding to the innermost needs of his age;

he sees and reports what in its depths it asks him to see and report. He cannot help becoming, through his own relation to his unconscious (and without this relation no creative work of value is possible), an instrument of whatever there is in the general

deep unconscious, the inner world of the whole age, that is trying to compensate for some failure in consciousness, to restore a balance destroyed by one-sidedness to reconcile the glaring opposites, to bring to our outer and inner worlds a life-enhancing unity. But literature itself now becomes one-sided, inevitably because it is over-introverted, often so deeply concerned with the inner world, with the most mysterious recesses of the personality, and so little concerned with the outer world, that it cannot really fulfil the task it set itself. It now becomes a literature largely for specialists, themselves nearly always equally introverted; and people in general, for whom it is really intended, find it either too `difficult' or too `neurotic' and `unhealthy'.

--- from J.B. Priestley: Literature and the Modern Man

Unit 7：

Translate the following text into Chinese：

1. It’s not what you are, it’s where you are

Just as the world seems to be becoming more homogenised, with consumers finding it difficult to distinguish between myriad similar products and services, so corporate image is recognised as being an increasingly important way to win and retain clients.

However, opinions differ as to what exactly „image‟ entails. For some companies it is limited to a recognisable logo and memorable slogan. For others, it has more far-reaching implications affecting everything from the choice of star endorsing their products, to the colour of the wallpaper in the reception area, to the actual location of their offices. This last factor can say more about a company and its aspirations than might first appear. Consider for a moment the choices available and what each one might suggest to a potential client.

Do you want to be in an old style building in the city centre, giving the air of a traditional, long established, but possibly rather conservative, establishment? Or do you underline your optimism, self-belief and modernity by moving into a specially designed building in the heart of the new, out of centre, business development, alongside successful multinationals and, quite possibly, some of your competitors? Even having a modest office attached to a factory on the edge of a run down industrial estate could be seen to reflect your company‟s work ethic and dedication to investing in essentials, rather than wasting money on such trivialities as a Miro or a Monet for the boardroom.

2. Employee loyalty in service firm

Hotel, shop and restaurant chains, which employ thousands of people in low-paid, dead-end jobs, are discovering that high labour turnover rates resulting from the indiscriminate hiring of “cheap” workers can be extremely costly.

Cole National, a Cleveland-based firm which owns Child World, Things

Remembered and other speciality shops, declared a “war for people” in an effort to recruit and keep better staff.

Employees were asked: What do you enjoy about working here? In the past year, have you thought about leaving? If so, why? How can we improve our company and create an even better place to work? Employees replied they wanted better training, better communications with their supervisors and, above all, wanted their bosses to “make me feel like I make a difference”. Labour turnover declined by more than half; for full time sales assistants, it declined by about a third.

Marriott Corporation, a hotels and restaurants group, has also decided to spend more money on retaining employees in the hope of spending less on finding and training new ones. In one year, it had to hire no fewer than 27,000 workers to fill 8,800 hourly-paid job slots.

To slow its labour turnover, Marriott had to get a simple message accepted throughout its operating divisions: loyal, well motivated employees make customers happy and that, in turn, creates fatter profits and happier shareholders. Improved training of middle managers helped. So did a change in bonus arrangements.

At the same time, Marriott became more fussy about the people it recruited. It screened out job applicants motivated mainly by money：applicants which the company pejoratively described as “pay first people”. Such people form a surprisingly small, though apparently disruptive, part of the service industry

workforce. Marriott found in its employee-attitude surveys that only about 20% of its workers at Roy Rogers restaurants and about 30% of its workers at Marriott hotels regarded pay as their primary reason for working there.

Many middle managers in service industries are more comfortable coping with demands for more money than with demands for increased recognition and better communications. They will have to change their ways. Surveys say that when 13,000 employees in retail shops across America were asked to list in order the 18 reasons for working where they did, they ranked “good pay” third. In the first place was “appreciation of work done”, with “respect for me as a person” second.

Unit 8：

Translate the following text into Chinese：

1．With so many barriers to communication, communicating with people of another culture is difficult. Communicating between genders, through the generation gap, among races, and through differences presents unique challenges as well. Anyone who enters the business world today must be aware of these potential trouble spots and ways of avoiding them.

A good guideline for someone about to engage in business with person from another country is to learn about that people‟s culture. Many sources of useful information are available. Experienced businesspeople have written books recounting some of the subtle but important ways that people in other countries communicate. Networking can generate the names of other business people who have made contact with another culture. A telephone conversation or a lunch meeting may provide pointers on what to do and what not to do. Large corporations with frequent and extensive dealings in other lands often establish workshops in which employees

receive briefing and training before accepting oversea assignments. Learning the language is an invaluable way of becoming more familiar with another culture.

Unit 9

Pay attention to the contextual analysis when translating the following passages

Departing Guests

I am more of a host than a guest. I like people to stay with me but do not much care about staying with them, and usually say I am too busy. The only people we ask to stay with us are people we like --- I do not believe in business hospitality, which has the seed of corruption in it --- and all Fridays I work in a pleasant glow just because I know some nice people are coming down by the last train. I am genuinely glad to see them. But I suspect that I am still more delighted when they go, and the house is ours again. It is not that I feel that I have been mistaken in these guests, though this has happened of course at times. After the weekend I may like them more than ever, having discovered new virtues and unsuspected charms. Nevertheless, I am delighted to see them go. They leave more room in which to live properly. Meals are quicker and easier. There is no more hanging about, no more sightseeing, no further necessity for bright talk. My mind, like my body, puts on its old clothes again. I enjoy hard work ( my own kind ) and foolish play, and both are difficult when you are cluttered up with guests. I like to think about life in this world, and it is not easy to do this when animated and talkative pieces of it are all over the place. With guests about I am conscious of myself as a solid, but as soon as they have gone I expand into a gas. And a gas can have more delight than a solid. So --- good-by! … Good-

Unit 10

Lambing Time

My first experience of bottling a lamb came towards the end of the season, when one ewe lambed a double out in the field one afternoon. After having the first one she wandered some distance away, and when Charlie found her she was busy with the second, already an hour or two old. He brought them all down to the pen, and shut them up. Whether she had forgotten about the first lamb when the second was born, I don‟t know, but she would not feed it, or in fact have anything to do with it. All that night she neglected it, refusing to allow it to suckle. Charlie, who never believed in interfering if it could be avoided, left her alone, hoping that she would eventually come round. Next morning she was as determined as ever not to acknowledge it, and during the day she bunted the poor mite away from her with such energy that by teatime its head was bleeding and it was very weak. Charlie shook his head about it.

“No good,” he muttered, “I‟ll never take to it now.”

“Bring it down to the house,” I said. “We‟ll give it a bottle.”

Charlie carried it tenderly into the kitchen; it was astonishing how tender his rough hands could be with an ailing creature and how dexterously he handled the mite. It was now too cold and weak to lift up its head, let alone stand. Together we warmed it by the fire, while the cook stood by, pityingly.

“Pore little thing, you‟ll never rear it!” she said, with the typical lugubriousness of a domestic. She warmed a little milk while I fetched some brandy, and we gave it sips from a spoon. It revived with astonishing rapidity. Within an hour it struggled to its feet and could stand. Charlie had a bottle and teat laid by in readiness for any emergencies, which he brought down after tea, and by

then the lamb was ready and eager to suck. He showed me the proper way to warm milk for bottle-feeding lambs. It appeared that milk warmed over the fire was liable to give them collywobbles, and the correct method was to heat a poker red-hot in the fire and stir the milk with it, repeating the process until the milk was warm ---a lengthy and tedious job, I found.

A few days later one of the ewes lambed with a dead lamb, and Charlie took the semi-orphan (now thriving splendidly) away from us to give to the bereaved mother. I, in my ignorance, expected him to introduce the stranger into the pen and the ewe to be overjoyed to see him and adopt him immediately.

But it was not so at all. The introduction was not nearly so simple. First the dead lamb was skinned, and the skin draped across the back of our pet, who was, of course, too large for it, so that it had to be firmly bound on with string. I had always wondered how ewe knew their own lambs; now I learned that it was partly by voice, but chiefly by smell, looks not entering into it at all. This is why, when a lamb runs up to feed, the mother always turns her head round and touches it. I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. If a lamb makes a mistake about its mother--- and for feeding purposes one ewe is as good as another to a hungry lamb! --- then it is sent about its business with a hearty bunt from the outraged ewe.

When the pet lamb was ready, looking the funniest little object imaginable. Charlie took him into the pen and set him down. Then he called up the sheep dog, Rusty, and we all stood outside and watched.

The ewe stamped her foreleg a time or two, then walked slowly over and smelt the lamb suspiciously. I held my breath expecting to see her drive it away after all Charlie had said, but after a prolonged sniff she gave a pleased “baa” and nuzzled it gently. The smell being that of her own dead lamb, she was ready to take to him, despite his queer appearance. The lamb having become accustomed to a bottle, made no attempt to suckle, and after a few moments, Charlie penned the ewe up in its corner with his knee and gently introduced the lamb to its new means of livelihood. At first he was rather stupid about it, but once he got a taste of milk he sucked away greedily, and Charlie stood up with satisfaction, “There, they‟ll do now.”

Unit 11

1．Literary Writing

How to Grow Old (Continued)

by Bertrand Russell

I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes,both because they will not believe you,and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that

while you can still render them material service,such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers,you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.

Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it —— so at least it seems to me —— is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal,until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river —— small at first,narrowly contained within its bank, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider,the banks recede,the waters flow more quietly,and in the end,without any visible break,they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who,in old age, can see his life in this way,will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality,weariness increases,the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work,knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

( from Portraits from Memory and Other Essays)

2．

（ We presently estimate that there are, very roughly, ten thousand civilizations in our galaxy, a number based on our rapidly growing knowledge of the structure and evolution of our galaxy and of biochemistry. We have perceived our galaxy to be a continuously evolving system in which the interstellar dust-and-gas clouds collapse to become stars, perhaps accompanied by planetary systems. … The rate of star formation in our galaxy has been ( and is at present ) very nearly one star per year.

How many of these newly-born stars will possess planetary systems? A lot. We have learned that stars are produced from rotating gas-and-dust clouds within our galaxy, and thus from clouds that possess an enormous amount of angular momentum, or spin. It is easy to calculate that as a fledging star collapses it must lose most of its spin or it would fly apart long before it became the size of a star. But there is only one way for a star to divest itself of spin, and that is by transferring it to the orbital motion of another object or objects.）

We have observed considerable evidence of this: more than half the stars are double stars, indicating that in most cases the spin is transferred to a second single object. In our system, the distance from the sun to the bulk of mass in the planetary system, which is in the planets Jupiter and Saturn, is about equal to the mean distance between members of double-star systems. This indicates that our system was born in a manner very similar to that of the double stars, except that our system happened to make a number of small objects rather than a single large secondary object. In our solar system,98 percent of the spin is in the orbital motion of the planetary system and only 2 percent in the spin of the sun. All this suggests that virtually every star that appears to be alone in the sky is in fact accompanied by a planetary system.

汉英补充练习：

第一单元练习 一、部分新词翻译：

1．“文明单位”奖

2．严打斗争 3．一专多能 4．手机用户

5．获得“优质服务”称号6．现场办公 7．菜篮子工程 8．国产化率 9．国道 10．即开式奖券 11．上门服务 12．销售网点 13．信息港 14．展厅 15．招聘会 16．假唱 17．受国家保护 18．保健食品 19．春运

31．食补 32．铺新摊子 33．增强发展后劲 34．自主开发能力不强 35．国际大都市 36．减员增效 37．抓大放小 38．排行榜 39．三角债 40．投资热点 41．拳头产品 42．企业“大而全” 43．联防 44．知识经济 45．分流 46．素质教育

47．使中国经济走向世界 48．豆腐渣工程 49．盲流和倒流人员 50．隐形就业 51．社会治安情况 52．经济特区 53．香港特别行政区 54．非典型性肺炎 55．大规模杀伤性武器核查 56．用料上乘

57．自备零钞，不找零钱 58．谢绝参观 59．切勿倒置 60．请止步

20．公开招聘 21．公益广告 22．花篮 23．见义勇为 24．接轨 25．特困生 26．(食品)保质期 27．中国一绝 28．携带方便 29．制作精心 30．设计合理 二、

世界知识产权组织 （节选）

世界知识产权组织——英语简称“WIPO”——是根据1967年在斯德哥尔摩签定的公约而成立的。公约于1970年生效，中国于1980年6月3日加入公约。

世界知识产权组织为一政府间组织，总部社在瑞士日内瓦。它是联合国组织系统下的许多专门机构之一。它负责通过国际间的合作促进对全世界知识产权的保护。 知识产权包括两个主要部分：工业产权和版权。

工业产权主要是发明、商标和工业品外观设计的保护，以及制止不正当竞争。

前三项有一些共同点，因为对发明、商标和工业品外观设计都是用专属实施权的方式保护的（如专利权）。制止不正当竞争同专属权无关，而是反对违反诚实经营工商业的竞争行为。

版权所涉及的对象通常是“文学艺术作品”。作品的表现形式可以是文字、音乐、图画、立体作品或组合物（如歌剧或电影）。几乎所有国家的版权都规定保护以下类型的作品：文学、音乐、艺术、摄影以及电影摄影等作品。

第二单元练习 一、

落花生

许地山

我们屋后有半亩隙地。母亲说：“让它荒芜着怪可惜，既然你们那么爱吃花生，就辟来做花生园罢。”

我们几姊弟和几个丫头都很喜欢——买种的买种，动土的动土，灌园的灌园，过不了几个月，居然收获了！

妈妈说：“今晚我们可以做一个收获节，也请你们爹爹来尝尝我们底新花生，如何？”我们都答应了。母亲把花生做成好几样的食品，还吩咐这节期要在花园里底茅亭举行。

那晚上的天色不太好，可是爹爹也到来，实在很难得！爹爹说：“你们爱吃花生吗？” 我们都争着回答：“爱！” “谁能把花生的好处说出来？” 姊姊说：“花生的气味很美。” 哥哥说：“花生可以制油。”

我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃；都喜欢它。这就是它的好处。”

二、

我们中华民族在人类文明发展史上，曾经有过杰出的贡献。现在在共产党的领导下，我们民族正在经历着一场伟大的复兴。恩格斯在谈到十六世纪欧洲文艺复兴时曾经说过，那是一个需要巨人而且产生了巨人的时代。今天，我们社会主义祖国的伟大革命和建设，更加需要大批社会主义时代的巨人，我们不仅要有政治上、文化上的巨人，我们同样需要有自然科学和其他方面的巨人。我们相信一定会涌现出大批这样的巨人。

科学是讲求实际的。科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要付出艰巨的劳动。同时，科学也需要创造，需要幻想，有幻想才能打破传统的束缚，才能发展科学。科学工作者不应当把幻想让诗人独占了。嫦娥奔月，龙宫探宝，《封神演义》上的许多幻想，由于科学发展，今天大都变成了现实。伟大的天文学家哥白尼说：人类的天职在勇于探索真理。我国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。我们一定要打破阵规，披荆斩棘，开拓我国科学发展的道路。既异想天开，又实事求是，这是科学工作者特有的风格，让我们在无穷的宇宙长河中去探索无穷的真理吧！

摘自郭沫若《科学的春天》 注：复兴 renaissance 文艺复兴 the Renaissance

嫦娥奔月 “Chang E flying to the moon.” 龙宫 the “palace of the Dragon King” 《封神演义》 Apotheosis of Heroes 哥白尼 Copernicus

第三单元练习

一、

福建省位于中国东南沿海，原是一个人口较少、资源贫乏、经济比较落后的小省。七十年代末以来，充分利用中央赋予的特殊政策，在突破旧体制方面先行一步，以市场为取向的改革取得实质进展，有力地推进了福建省国民经济和社会事业的迅速发展，不论是经济增长速度还是国内生产总值都跃居全国前矛。这对于福州大学这样一所全省唯一的以工为主、理工结合的新型地方大学来说，既是一种机遇，更是一种挑战。为了适应福建省改革开放和经济飞速发展的需要，福州大学也进入了发展的快车道：经过40年，特别是近20年的改革和发展，在校生规模从1978年不足2000人发展到今天逾万人；学科专业设置已基本涵盖了本省主要经济领域和产业部门，并已形成了包括研究生、本专科、成人、留学生教育在内的多层次、多规格、多形式的办学格局；已被列为全国重点建设的百所大学之一。

二、

白居易十六岁时，带着自己的诗稿去京城长安，拜访老诗人顾况，希望得到他的指教，顾况看他还是个孩子，就不怎么当回事，又看到诗稿上的名字是“居易”就开玩笑地说：“长安这地方米贵，在这里‘居’可不‘易’呀！”但当他读到“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”等诗句时，不禁拍案叫绝，马上改变语气，郑重地说：“能写出这样的诗句，‘居’下去是不难的，刚才是玩笑，不要见怪。”这样，白居易的名字便传开了。

第四单元练习 一、

社会透视：劝君别再凑热闹 一个扒手的自白

“人堆是我们作案的主要场所，一来人多了我们好下手，二来这些人往往只顾热闹、轧闹猛，对自己所带钱物很少注意，因此我们很容易得手。”

“到了街上，你不用愁找不到人堆，猴子耍把戏，卖狗皮膏药的，还有其他各种滩头的前面，都可以找到看热闹的人。即使一时没有地摊，你也不用愁，街上骑车的、走路的这么多，总有相撞一下，或口角一下的，这样又可以有人堆了。实在没有人堆，可以制造。只要两个人以假乱真，打上一架，保证马上有成百人围观。” 二、

黎明前的北平

天气一天比一天寒冷。北海公园的湖上已结了厚厚的冰层，马路两旁树木上的叶子已经落尽，只有光

秃秃的树枝在寒风中瑟瑟颤抖着。

北平已被强大的人民解放军包围，城门紧闭，粮食、蔬菜、鱼肉都运不进来。我们吃着早已准备的酱萝卜，有时也用黄豆泡豆芽。

时不时可以听见解放军的炮声。但是北平城内还有着数量庞大的国民党军队，虽然已如瓮中之鳖，但如果负隅顽抗，仍将给人民的生命财产造成巨大的损失。何去何从？急待抉择。当时，统帅这批军队的傅作义将军在无可奈何的情况下，邀请了北平的一些学者名流，征询意见。

会场设在中南海内，空气异常严肃紧张。傅作义将军作了简短的致词，表示愿意虚心听取大家的意见。墙上的挂钟“滴答滴答”地响着，很长时间没有人发言。大家只是用疑虑的眼光互相探询着，担心如果发言要求和平解放北平，会带来很大的风险。

最后，沉默的空气还是被打破了。许多人纷纷发言，热烈希望傅作义将军以北平人民的安全和保护故都文化胜迹为重，尽量争取早日和平解放北平。

傅作义将军一直耐心而认真地听着大家的发言。最后，他站起来，表示感谢大家直言不讳。 会后，人们奔走相告，感到北平和平解放的希望越来越大，漫长的黑夜终于即将过去。 第五单元练习 一、

要坚持两手抓，一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击各种犯罪活动。这两只手都要硬。打击各种经济犯罪活动，扫除各种丑恶现象，手软不得。广东二十年赶上亚洲“四小龙”，不仅经济要上去，社会秩序、社会风气也要搞好，两个文明建设都要超过他们，这才是有中国特色的社会主义。新加坡的社会秩序算是好的，他们管得严，我们应当借鉴他们的经验，而且比他们管得更好。 二、

南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄，一呈豪彦。从孙权、谢安到洪秀全、孙中山，从祖冲之、葛洪到李时珍、郑和，从刘勰、萧统到曹雪芹、吴敬梓，从王羲之、顾凯之到徐悲鸿、傅抱石，还有陶行知、杨廷宝等等，中国历史上一批杰出的政治家、军事家、科学家、文学家、艺术家、教育家、建筑家等荟萃于此，在这块钟灵毓秀的土地上一圆他们的辉煌之梦。他们是中华民族的优秀儿女。巍巍中山、滚滚长江养育了他们，为他们提供了施展抱负的舞台，他们也以自己的雄才大略、聪明才智为中华民族的灿烂文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。

南京，她自新中国建立以来发生的巨大而深刻的变化更加令人欢欣鼓舞。“虎踞龙蟠今胜昔，天翻地覆慨而慷”。从1949年4月23日始，人民真正成为这座古老城市的主人。金陵回春，古城新生，昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京装扮得面貌一新。特

别是近十几年来，改革开放又给这座美丽的名城注入了新的活力，崭新的工业、通达的运输、如画的城市建设、兴盛的第三产业、多彩的文化生活，都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。孙中山先生所预言的：“南京将来发达未可限量也！”正在逐步成为现实。

南京，这座古老而又年轻的历史文化名城，是多么的可爱！

第六单元练习 一、

立论

我梦见自己在小学校的课堂上准备作文，向老师请教立论的方法。

“难！”老师从眼镜框外斜射出眼光来，对着我，说。“我告诉你一件事——一家人家生了一个男孩，合家高兴透顶了。满月的时候，抱出来给客人看，——大概是想得一点好兆头。

“一个说：‘这孩子将来要发财的。’他于是得到一番感谢。 “一个说：‘这孩子将来要做官的。’他于是收回几句恭维。

“一个说：‘这孩子将来是要死的。’他于是得到一顿大家合力的痛打。 “说要死的必然，说富贵的许谎。但说谎的得好报，说必然的遭打。你„„“ “我愿意既不谎人，也不遭打。那么老师，我得怎么说呢？”

“那么，你得说：”啊呀，这孩子呵！您瞧！多么„„„。啊唷！哈哈！’” 二、

深圳毗邻香港，珠海靠近澳门，汕头是因为东南亚国家潮州人多，厦门是因为闽南人在外国经商的很多，但是没有考虑上海在人才方面的优势。上海人聪明，素质好，如果当时就确定在上海也设立经济特区，现在就不是这个样子。十四个沿海开放城市有上海，但那是一般化的。浦东如果像深圳经济特区那样，早几年就开发好了。开发浦东，这个影响就大了，不只是浦东的问题，是关系上海发展的问题。抓紧浦东开发，不要动摇，一直到建成。只要守信用，按照国际惯例办事，人家首先会把资金投到上海，竞争就要靠这个竞争。

第七单元练习

寓言两则

(1) 狐假虎威

老虎捉到了一只狐狸。

狐狸说：“你怎么敢吃我！我是天帝派来的百兽之王。今天你要是吃了我，就是违抗天帝的命令呀！你要是不信，我在前面走，你在后面跟，看看百兽见了我，有敢不逃走的吗？”

老虎同意了，就跟着狐狸走去。果然，百兽见了他们，都争相逃命。老虎惊讶不已，认为狐狸是百兽之王，就走开了。

(2)守株待兔

一天，宋国有个农夫在耕地。忽然，他看见一只兔子飞也似地跑过来，一头碰在树干上，折断了脖子，当场咽了气。农夫没费力气白捡了一只兔子，心里非常高兴。从此，他不再种地了，整天守着这棵大树，眼巴巴地盼着再捡一只这样的兔子。整整一年过去了，农夫什么也没等着。回头看看地里，却长满了杂草，一片荒芜。他成了宋国的笑柄。

第八单元练习

一、

卢沟桥的狮子

卢沟桥是一座石桥，长二百六十六点五米，在北京郊区，已有八百多年的历史，是该城著名的古迹之

一。

卢沟桥最引人注意的，是桥栏杆石柱上雕刻的那些狮子。每个石柱上有一个大狮子，大狮子的上下左

右有好多小狮子。最小的只有几厘米。它们有的在大狮子的头上、背上；有的在大狮子的脚下或怀里。有的只露出半个头；有的只露出一张嘴。生动活泼，坐卧起伏，姿态各不相同。

北京民间流传着一句话：“卢沟桥的石狮子——数不清。”特别有趣的是关于石狮子的传说。有的说，

石狮子中有一个总是在晃动，看不清，没法数。有的说，有几个石狮子是藏起来的，看不清，数不着。如果真的数清了狮子的数目，全桥的狮子都跑光了。

当然，这些都是传说。但是，桥上的石狮子也真多，过去确实没有人数清过。直到1961年，文化部

门才把它数清了，一共是四百八十五个。 二、

一件小事 （节选）

鲁迅

这是民国六年的冬天，大北风刮得正猛，我因为生计关系，不得不一早在路上走。一路上几乎遇不见人，好容易才雇定一辆人力车，教他拉到S门去。不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。刚近S门，忽而车把上带着一个人，慢慢地倒了。

跌倒的是一个女人，花白头发，衣服都很破烂。伊从马路边上突然向车前横截过来；车夫已经让开道，但伊的破棉背心没有上扣，微风吹着，向外展开，所以终于兜着车把。幸而车夫早有点停步，否则伊定要栽一个大筋斗，跌到头破血出了。

伊伏在地上；车夫便也立住脚。我料定这老女人并没有伤，又没有别人看见，便怪他多事，要自己惹出是非，也误了我的路。

我便对他说，“没有什么的。走你的罢！”

车夫毫不理会——或者并没有听到——却放下车子，扶那老女人慢慢起来，搀着胳膊立定，问伊说： “你怎么啦？” “我摔坏了。”

我想，我眼见你慢慢倒地，怎么会摔坏呢，装腔作势罢了，这真是可恶。车夫多事，也是自讨苦吃，现在你自己想法去。

车夫听了这老女人的话，却毫不踌躇，仍然搀着伊的胳膊，便一步一步的向前走。我有些诧异，忙看前面，是一所巡警分驻所，大风之后，外面也不见人。这车夫扶着那老女人，便正是向那大门走去。

我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉，觉得他满身灰尘的后影，刹时高大了，而且愈走愈大，须仰视才见，而且他对于我，渐渐的又几乎变成一种威压，甚而至于要榨出皮袍下面藏着的“小”来。 三、

戈壁滩上的春天

四月底了，要在北京，这时候正是百花盛开的好季节。但在戈壁滩上，春天还早着呢。一出嘉裕关，你望吧，满眼是无边的砂石，遍地只有一丛一丛的骆驼草，略略透出点春意。四处有的是旋风，一股一股的，把黄沙卷起多高，象是平地冒起的大烟，打着转在沙漠上飞跑。说声变天，一起风，半空就飘起雪花来，紧靠戈壁滩的西南边是起伏不断的祁连山，三伏天，山头也披着白雪。

可是不管你走的多远，走到多么荒凉的地方，你也会看见我们人民为祖国所创造的奇迹。就在这戈壁滩上，就在这祁连山下，我们来自祖国各地的人民从地下钻出石油，在沙漠上建设起一座“石油城”。这就是玉门没矿。不信，你黑夜站在高岗上，张眼一望，戈壁滩上远远近近全是电灯，比天上的星星都密。北面天边亮起一片红光，忽闪忽闪的。你心里定会赞叹说：“多好的地方啊！哪旬 在沙漠上呢？”

但我们究竟还是在沙漠上。这里的每块砖，每块石头，每滴石油，都沾着我们人民的血汗，都藏着我们人民的生命。我们不能不感谢那些地质勘探队。他们为了继续替祖国寻找石油，骑着骆驼，带着蒙古包和干粮，远远地深入到荒凉的大沙漠里去，多少天见不到个人。只有沙漠上的黄羊，山里的野马，有时惊惊惶惶跟他们打个照面。

摘自《杨朔散文选》

注：戈壁滩 the Gobi desert 嘉峪关 Jiayu Pass 骆驼草 camel grass 祁连山 the Qilian Mountains 玉门油矿 the Yumen Oilfield 黄羊 gazelle