高级英语2第三版 张汉熙 课后答案
LESSON 1 PUB TALK AND KING’S ENGLISH
Q B:
1.
2.
3.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．
4. In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．
5.
6.
7. The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．
III:
1.No one knows how the conversation will go as it moves aimlessly and desultorily or as it becomes spirited and exciting.
2.It is not a matter of interest if they are cross or in a bad temper.
3.Bar friends, although they met each other frequently, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.
4.Suddenly a miraculous change in the conversation took place.
5.The conversation suddenly became spirited and exciting.
6.We ought to think as the Saxon peasants did at that time.
7.The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.
8.I have always had an eager interest in dictionaries.
9.Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it go on freely.
10.We would never have talked about Australia, or the language barrier in the time of the Norman Conquest.
IV A:
1. on the rocks： metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks
2. 2． get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”． It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the
ground first on getting out of bed．)
3. 3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring． It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．
4. 4． turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for
5. 5． into the shoes： metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)， think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i． e． as if one were a Saxon peasant
6. 6 .come into one’s own： receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition65
7. 7．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice of
IV B:
1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如 an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如 ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏； uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。
2．2．scoff指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词或加以嘲笑；sneer
侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意：jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲 笑来表示轻侮；gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂；flout主要指以不理不睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。
IV C:
1．No one knows how the conversation will go as it moves aimlessly and desultorily or as it becomes spirited and exciting.
2．2. It is not a matter of interest if they are cross or in a bad temper.
3．3. Bar friends, although they met each other frequently, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.
4．4. Suddenly a miraculous change in the conversation took place.
5．5. The conversation suddenly became spirited and exciting.
6.The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.
7.7. I have always had an eager interest in dictionaries.
8.9.Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it go on freely.
9.10.We would never have talked about Australia, or the language barrier in the time of the Norman Conquest.
V A & V B:略
LESSON 2 MARRAKECH
Q B:
1.
2.
3.He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.
4.
5.
6.Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.
7.Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to
significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea \"all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact\are not considered or treated as human beings.
III:
1.The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.
2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).
3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.
4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.
5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.
6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.
7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.
8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.
9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting)．
10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．
11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．
12．People with brown skins are almost invisible．
13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．
14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?。
15．Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．
IV A：
1.
2.navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．
3.
4.warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape
5.self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary
6.
7.wretched：poor in quality，very inferior
8.mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy
9.
10.reach—me—down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or ready—made clothing
11.
12.charger：a horse ridden in battle or on parade
IV B:
IV C：
1、cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音，并伴以流 泪。
weep更具体，强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿 地哭泣；
wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；
whimper 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；
moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹。
2、flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；
gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；
sparkle指星星点点的闪光；
glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；
glisten指外部亮光反 射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；
shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光。
IV D：
.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island.
2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.
3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government.
4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved.
5. Soon other settlers were coming in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened.
6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit.
7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge.
8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office.
9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach.
10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.
V A:
略
V B:
\"Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature\" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has completely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an \"eternal battle\it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove.
LESSON 3 INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Q B:
1.The rhetorical devices employed included： figures of speech，parallel and ballanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses．
2.
3.Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and
appropriate．
4.In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence \"To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge\is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north. And in the sentence \"Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request\make them- selves our adversary\" is again cleverly chosen to throw the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party, It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.
5.Nermedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured help and support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them over, and veiled threat, warning and! advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.
6.Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be \"we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to
assure the survival and the success of liberty\as this is not only a carefully thought out, well-ballanced sentence easy to remember and elegantly pleasant to read aloud, but also a sentence that best expresses the proud feelings of the Americans as the self-appointed leader of the \"free democracies \"Kennedy's call for Americans to \"ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country\" is also very often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit of the Americans of which Kennedy is a best example.
7.Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on e-motional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.
III:
1.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.
2. We promise to do This much and we promise to do more.
3. United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.
4. The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.
5. We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.
6. Before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place
7. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.
8. So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate)and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.
9.Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.
10. Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).
11.We will lead the country we love,knowing our sure reward will be a good conscience,and history will finally judge whether we have done our task well or
not.
IV A:
1、prescribe, set down or impose
2、mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die)
3、disciplined, received training that developed self-control and character
4、undoing : abolishing
5、at odds: .in disagreement ; quarreling split asunder : split apart ; disunited
6、iron: cruel; merciless
7、 bounds: chains; fetters
8、invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insuits, curses, etc.
9、 writ : (archaic) a formal written document ; specifically, a legal instrument in letter form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch from Anglo—Saxon times to declare its grants，wishes and commands(Here it refers to the United Nations Charter．) run：continue in effect or force
10、stays：restrains
11、tap：draw upon or make use of
12、bear：take on；sustain
IV B:
1． fatal可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物 (不能指人)，侧重于其不可避免性。如an illness which might not be serious for a young person．but which will almost certainly prove fatal to the old lady(一种对于年轻人来说也许并不严重，但对于一个老太婆来说却无疑是致命的病症)。
deadly在表示“必然致命”这一点上与fatal完全相同，可互换使用。但deadly还有一种为fatal所没有的用法，它可以指一个欲置他人于死地的人。如：The murdered man had many deady enemies．(被害者有很多不共戴天的死敌。)
mortal像deadly一样．，可以指能置人于死的人或物。如：Because of an ancient family feud，the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth．用于指物时， mortal之不同于fatal及deadly之处在于它往往只在已有提及死亡发生的前文后使用。如：He was struck down by a mortal blow upon to head．(他的死是由于头上受了致命一击)。
lethal指的是某物质因其构成成分中含有毒素而定可造成死亡，而且其物存在的目的即是为了致人于死地。如：Cyanide is a lethal poison．(氰化物是一种致命的毒药。) 除lethal之外，以上各词均可用来形容某种造成恐慌或极度不安，会带来灾祸但不一定造成生命伤亡的事物。如：a fatal mistake(十分严重的错误)；a deadly insult(难以容忍的侮
辱)；in mortal terror(极端的恐怖之中)。
2． faithful指出于对个人荣誉、友谊或爱情等的珍惜而体现出的信义和忠诚，如a faithful wife(忠实的妻子)。
loyal则指因受道德良心或正义感、责任感的驱使而对某人、某项事业或某个组织表现出坚定不移的耿耿忠心，如a loyal friend(忠实可靠的朋友)。constant一般指爱情或事业上的用心专一，不见异思迁，朝秦暮楚，如a constant lover(用情专一的情人)。
staunch(或stanch)指为维护某种原则或信念而表现出毫不动摇的意志和决心，如a staunch defender of the truth(真理的坚决捍卫者)。
resolute也表示坚定不动摇的决心，不过多指在小事上或为私人目的而表现出的决心，如：She was resolute in her decision to stay．(她决定留下，很难改变。)
IV C:
1, those who foolishly sought power by calling in strong, greedy countries ended up by losing their independence to these countries.
2. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which will bring hope of progress to all our countries.
3. And let every other power know that this hemisphere will not tolerate any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere.
4. We renew our pledge: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its power so that it can protect the newly independent and weak nations.
5. And if a little bit of co-operation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides \"..
6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will inspire not only the United States and her people but also the whole world.
V A:略
V B:略
LESSON 4 LOVE IS A FALLACY
Q B:
1.The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special e
mphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story.
2. The topic sentence of paragraph 47 is : He was a torn man. The writer develops the idea expressed in the topic sentence by describing vividly how hard it is for Petey Burch to choose between his girlfriend and raccoon coat. Being very observant and superbly to illustrative examples to develop the theme, the writer successfully to brings forth the scene
in which Petey Burch’s desire for the raccoon coat waxes and his resolution not to give his girlfriend wanes. The reader can easily come to the conclusion that it is hard and painful decision for him to make.
3. The narrator refers to Pygmalion and Frankenstein because just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he fashioned, the narrator loved Polly Espy, who he had fashioned according to his plan. However, when he begged Polly’s love, he was rejected. He got same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him. In this sense, these allusion are
chosen aptly. The whole thing backfired on the narrator when Polly employed all the
“
logical fallacies
”
she had been taught to reject his
offer. The end of story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own.
4. An example of simile :
My brain was as powerful as dynamo,as precise as a
chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.(comparing his brain to three different things)(para. 1)
An example of metaphor:
There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond lamb’s frontier.(comparing the limitation set by lamb to a frontier) (author’s note)
An example of hyperbole :
It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.(hyperbole for effect)(para. 2)
An example of metonymy
Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.(Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called a “Dicto Simpliciter”.)(para. 70)
An example of antithesis
It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make a ugly smart girl beautiful.(“beautiful, dumb and smart” are balanced against “ugly, smart and beautiful”)(para.24)
5. Colloquialisms and used in the text: dumb, pin-up, kid, go steady, date, cas
ual kick, well-heeled, laughs, terrific, magnificent, mad, call it a night, yummy, fire away. Darn.
Slang used in the text: nothing upstairs, keen, dal, knock (oneself) out, dreamy, how cute,rat, knot head, jitterbug.
6.A freshman at a law school is made the narrator of the whole stroy. It’s from his point of view that the stroy is told. Since the whole stroy is presented as his personal experiences, we the readers tend to rely on what narrator tells us.
III:
1. He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.
2. A passing fashion or craze, in my opinion, shoes a complete lack of reason.
3. I ought to have known that raccoon coat would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s, came back
4. All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don’t know?
5. My brain, which is a precision instrument, began to work at a high speed. 6. Except for one thing (intelligence) polly had all other requirements.
7. She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but i felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.
8. In fact, she was in the opposite direction, that is, she is not intelligent but rather stupid.
9. If you are no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.
10. His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away polly become weaker.
11. To teach her to think appeared to be rather big task.
12. One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but i decided to try one more time.
13. There is a limit to what any human being can bear.
14. I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself, but i turned out to be Frankenstein because polly(the result/product of my hard work) ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.
15. Desperately i tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.
IV A:
1.dynamo: a machine that changes some other form of power directly into electricity
2.flight : fleeing or running away from
3.Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's
4.shed: cast off or lose hair
5.in the swim: conforming to the current fashions or active in the main current of affairs
6.practice: the exercise of a profession of occupation
7.pin—up: (American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls
8.makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something
9.carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner
10.go steady: (American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts
11.out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation
12.deposit: (facetious)put，lay or set down
13.brief: a concise statement of the main points of a law case, usually filed by counsel for the information of the court
14. 1et—up: stopping; relaxing
IV B:
1．fashion和fad均为名词。fashion主要指某人，尤其指文学、艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣、讲话等方面的姿态或习惯。fad指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时流行的风尚。
2．incredulous和incredible均为形容词。incredulous是“不轻易相信的”、“表示怀疑的”的意思，指对某人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度。incredible是“不可相信的”意思，指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在，因而表示怀疑或不可相信。
3．passion和eagerness均为名词。passion指一种强烈的愿望或感情，这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者 必然的结果。eagerness意即“渴望”或“热情”，但往往含有不耐烦的意味。
4．feeling和emotion均是名词。feeling在没有上下文限制的时候，往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉或感情。emotion指由于精神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起的一种强烈的情感或情绪。
5．reveal和show均为动词。reveal指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西，好像是揭开一种掩饰物似的。show指某种事物或者东西“展现”在眼前，以便能看得到和看得清。
6．tempt和incline均为动词。tempt意为“引诱”、“诱惑”，指一种强有力的诱惑，这种诱惑能克服对某一事物的顾忌或推断。incline意为“倾向于”、“有„的倾向”，指对某事物或行动或多或少表现出一种暖昧的心理倾向。
7．exasperation和disappointment均为名词。exasperation指使某人忍无可忍或者使某人失去自控力的强烈愤怒或生气。disappointment意为“失望”、“失意”，指某人对某件事情感到没希望或失去信心。
8．exasperation和disappointment均为名词。exasperation指使某人忍无可忍或者使某人失去自控力的强烈愤怒或生气。disappointment意为“失望”、“失意”，指某人对某件事情感到没希望或失去信心。
9．amusement和merriment均为名词。amusement意为“娱乐”、“消遣”，指一种令人愉快的精神消遣，尤其是某种幽默的事物或谈笑使人感到很有乐趣。merriment意为“愉快”、“欢乐”，指充满趣味和笑声的某种事物。
10．1anguish和suffer均为动词。languish指由于渴望而苦恼或遭受痛苦。suffer
指由于伤害、悲痛或损失等原因而被迫遭受、蒙受痛苦或不愉快的事情。
IV C:
1．这几个词都是形容词，指人的智力或感觉等方面具有较高的灵敏性或灵活性。
keen指在智力或感觉、视觉、听觉等五官方面是敏锐的或敏捷的，尤指具有解决复杂或疑难问题的特殊能力。
acute意为“敏锐的”，指具有观察到别人没有注意到的某种意义、感情、意见、颜色、音调等的细微差别的能力，也指具有某种非常敏锐的神经注意力，这种注意力持续的时间不长。
astute意为“敏锐的”、“精明的”、“聪明的”，指对某领域或某学科有很深的造诣或者有一定的体验的能力或洞察力。
perspicacious在这些单词中最为正式的用词，强调具有高度的洞察力。
calculating意为“精明的”，“精于算计的”，尤指会打小算盘。
2．intelligent指具有善于从经验中学习或领会或对新事物迅速作出反应的能力。
clever意为“聪明的”，“伶俐的”，指善于理解、善于学习，但有时含有“不够深入”的意思。
bright和smart比较口语化，一般可代替前面几个词中的任何一个。 brilliant意为“英
明的”，指具有非凡的智力或理解力。
IV D:
1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or \"a Dicto Simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid\".
2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.
3.The fallacy of \"post hoe, ergo propter hoc\".
4.The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.
5.The fallacy of \"post hoc, ergo propter hoe\".
6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.
7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or \"a Dicto Simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid\".
8. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.
V A & V B:略
LESSON 5 THE SAD YOUNG MEN
Q B:
1.The structural organization of this essay is clear and simple. The essay divides logically into paragraphs with particular functions: to introduce the subject (introduction) in paragraph 1, to support and develop the thesis (the body or the middle) in paragraphs 2 through 9, to bring the discussion to an end (conclusion)in paragraphs 10 and 11.
2.Horton and Edwards state their thesis in the last paragraph of the essay: \"The intellectuals of the Twenties, the \"sad young men\as F. Scott Fitzgerald called them, cursed their luck but didn't die; escaped but voluntarily returned; flayed the Babbits but loved their country, and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating writing in its literary experience. \"
3.They support their thesis by providing historical material concerning the revolt of the younger generation of the twenties in a series of paragraphs and paragraph units between the introduction and conclusion.
4.Yes. Each paragraph or paragaph unit develops a new but related aspect of the thought stated in the thesis. Frequently the first sentence of these middle paragraphs states clearly the main idea of the material that follows and indi- cates a new but related stage of the developing thought. For example : The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable. (paragraph 3). The rebellion started with World War I . (paragraph 5) Greenwich Village set the pattern. (paragraph 7) Meanwhile the true intellectuals were far from flattered. (parageraph 9).
5.The two paragraphs form a single unit. The writers begin .with a clearly stated main idea -- Greenwich Village set the pattern and use paragraph 1 to explain Green- wich Village to the reader, following in paragraph2 with sup-porting material showing how the rest of the country imitated life in the \"Village\".
6.Student' s choice.
III:
1.At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly.
2.In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.
3.The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.
4.In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily.
5.The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a sense of adventure.
6.Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.
7.The young people wanted to take part in the glorious ad-venture before the whole war ended.
8.These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families.
9.The returning veteran also had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people.
10.(Under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.
11.It was only natural that hopeful young Writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbitry, and \"Puritanical\" gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic centre.
12.Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.
IV A:
1.speakeasy：a place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally，esp．such a place in the U．S．during Prohibition
2.sheik：a masterful man to Whom women are supposed to be irresistably attracted
3.flapper: (Americanism) (in the 1920s) a young woman considered bold and unconventional in action and dress
4.drugstore cowboy：A western movie extra who loafs infront of drugstores between pictures
5.Prohibition: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes~ specifically in the U. S., the period (1920-1933) of prohibition by Federal law
6.
7.soap opera：a daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic，sentimental nature．It has been so called since many original sponsors were soap companies．
8.action: military combat in general
9.whip up: rouse; excite
10.give: bend, sink, move, break down, yield, etc. from force or pressure
11.burden：repeated，central idea；theme
12.keep up with the Joneses：strive to get all the material things one’s neighbors or associates have
13.write off：drop from consideration
IV B:
1.flourish意为向很理想的状况发展或正处于该状况，即发展的鼎盛时期。boom意为突然迅速地蓬勃发展。aggressive—ness在这里指大胆积极的开拓进取。aggression指无故地攻击别人或喜欢争吵。
2.obsolete指废旧的，不再时兴，不再使用的。obsolescent指向废旧转变的，过渡的。
3.warfare泛指打仗或武装冲突。war一方面使用范围较广，可指任何敌对的争斗，如the war against disease，另一方面可用于具体的、个别的作战，如he fought in this war(不能用warfare)。
4.preparedness指有所准备的状态，而preparations则指作准备的行动或过程。
5.recession和depression同为婉转语，指资本主义国家经常出现的经济危机。recession比depression委婉些，而depression又比crisis委婉些。
6.naive指真正的单纯或没有人为的痕迹，但有时又含有愚蠢、缺乏社会知识的意思。innocent指无罪，不会耍花样，或不做、不想不道德的事。
7.ignore意为故意视而不见，有时表现为拒不接受事实。disregard意为不注意或疏忽，常常是有意的。
8.migrate意为从一地区、一国家迁移到另一地区、另一国家。指人时，意为迁往外地定居，指动物时，意为出于气候原因 和食物供给等进行季节性迁移。emigrate和immigrate仅用 于人，emigrate具体指人离开一个国家到另一个国家定居。
IV C:
1．We have become a world power so we can no longer in our action just follow the principles of right and wrong as accepted in out own country。nor can we remain isolated geographically protected by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans．In other words．t he United States can no longer pursue a policy of isolationism．
2．The Great Economic Depression which started in the United States in 1 929 brought the young escapists back to their senses and stopped the wild，riotous lives they were living．
3．Many other young people began to intensify and spread this revolt of the young by their own misdeeds—breaking the law and living unconventional lives. The young intellectuals living in Greenwich Village helped to keep the revolt alive and to spread it throughout the country.
4．These young brothers and sisters did not take part in the war, so they had no feeling of real disillusionment or loss. Nevertheless they began to imitate the
manners of their elders and live the unconventional and nonconforming lives of those who were rebelling against society.
5．America could see and hear nothing except the shining gleam and the ringing sound of the doller. /The American people are not moved or stirred by anything. They are only conscious of money and wealth.
V B & V C:略
LESSON 6 LOVING AND HATING NEW YORK
Q A:
1.These signs show that New York is no longer the leading city in the United States.
2.New York no longer begets the styles and sets the trends.It is no longer a paeesetter.
3.Other cities have buildings more inspired architecturally. The center of music and sports have also shifted to other cities. As a tourist attraction it is inferior to New Orlcans, San Francisco, Washington or Disneyland. Finally, there are many beter cities to live in than New York.
4.The Europeans call New York their favorite city because they like its cosmopolitan complexities, its surviving European standards and its alien mixtures.
Perhaps some of these are reassured by the international names of jewelers, shoe stores and designer shops. But what most excites Europeans is the city's charged, nervous atmosphere, its vulgar dynamism.
5.Tim writer went to New York because he likes to live there and he could practice the kind of journalism he wanted in that city.
6.The young people go to New York to test themselves and to avoid giving in to the most banal and marketable of their talents. In New York they also find the company of many other young people similarly fleeing from the constricting atmosphere of smaller cities.
7.New York is still the banking and communications head- quarters for America. The networks' news centres, the largest book publishers, the biggest magazines, the ad agencies are all here, appraising and ratifying the films, the plays, the music, the books that others have created.
8.It is in fact the first truly international metropolits because here one finds a much wider mixture of nationalities Asians, Africans, Latins and all varieties of Europeans.
Q B:
1.This article is a piece of expository writing. The main theme or thesis is stated by the title \"Loving and Hating New York\
sentence of the last paragraph: “Loving and hating New York becomes a matter of alternating moods, often in the same day. \"
2.
3.This article is full of American English terms, phrases and constructions. Such as T-shirt, hassle, plush, holdout, comeback, putdown, measure up, expense-account, etc.
4.The writer states that he both loves and hates New York, but the reader fails to see where or why he hates New York. It is clear that Griffith loves New York and feels exhilarated living there. He may sometimes feel exasperated but this feeling is never strong enough to turn to hate. The writer shows his love for New York with the words such as energy, contention striving, etc.
5.The topic sentence of paragraph 8 is the first sentence. \"Nature~ s pleasures are much qualified in New York. \" The writer uses many examples to develop this paragraph and to back up the statement made in the topic sentence.
6.
III:
1. Nowadays New York cannot understand nor follow the taste of the American people.
2. New York boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends (styles, fashion)of America.
3. Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the actual performance of Johnny Carson now replace the scheduled radio and TV programs for California.
4. New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists.
5. A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he has won in the fierce competition).
6. The chance to enjoy the pleasures of nature is very limited.
7. At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems proudly and haughtily to darken the night sky.
8. But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated.
9. In both these roles of banking and communications head- quarters, New York starts or originates very few things but gives its stamp of approval to many things created by people in other parts of the country.
10. The television generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising.
11. . Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines.
12. Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surrounding areas, is once again busy and active.
13. Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hidden away in slums or ghettoes where other people can't see them.
14. New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but at times it also invigorates and stimulates.
IV A:
1. holdout: (Americanism) a place that holds out; hold out= continue
resistance; stand firm; not yield
2. live: transmitted during the actual performance
3. charged : tense ; intense
4. put-down: (American slang) a belittling remark or crushing retort
5. measure up: (Americanism) prove to be competent or qualified
6. jingle: a verse that jingles; jingling arrangement of words or
syllables
7. expense-account. (Americanism) an arrangement whereby certain
expenses of an employee in connection with his work are paid for by
his employer
8. illustration= a picture, design, diagram, etc. used to decorate or
explain something
9. commercial: (radio and TV) a paid advertisement
10. distancing: be reserved or cool toward; treat aloofly
11. high-rise: (Americanism) designating or of a tall apartment house,
office buil ding, etc., of many stories /(noun) a high-rise building
12. mean: poor in appearance; shabby.
IV B:
1．Hollywood：U．S．motion picture industry or its life
2．Tin Pan Alley：the publishers，writers，and promoters of popular music：
center of popular music
3．Madison Avenue：the advertising industry，its practices， influence，etc．
4．Fifth Avenue：fashionable shopping center
5．Broadway: the New York commercial theatre or entertainment industry
6．Greenwich Village: center for artists, writers, etc. , in New York
7．Disneyland : (after an amusement center near Los Angeles, created by
Walt Disney) a place or condition of unreality, fantasy, incongruity, etc.
8．Wall street: the U. S. money market or the U. S. financiers and their
power, influence, policies, etc
IV C:
1. alliteration, metaphor
2. metonymy
3. metaphor, metonymy
4. personification
5. metaphor, synecdoche
6. euphemism
7. personification
V A:略
V B:
This paragraph is taken from Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell. In this paragraph he paints the difference between \"the filthy little scullery\" and the dining room of a Parisian restaunant. He develops his paragraph by a lot of descriptive details and the use of concrete words.
LESSON 7 THE ONES WHO WALK AWAY FROM OMELAS
Q A:
1. Omelas is a port city by the sea with bright towers and houses with red roofs
and painted walls. There are tree-lined avenues, noss-grown gardens, great parks and public buildings. Towards the north side of the city there is a great water-meadow called the Green Fields. Far off to the north and west are mountains with snowy peaks half encircling Omelas.
2. They were joyously celebrating the Festival of Summer with music, dance and processions. Men, women and children were all dressed in festive clothes to celebrate the occasion, except for the riders who were naked, the high-light of the celebrations was a horse race to be held on the great watermeadow called the Green Fields.
3. They do without monarchy and slavery and also without the stock exchange, the advertisement, the secret police, the bomb, the clergy and soldiers. They do not have cars nor helicopters. And one thing there is none of is guilt.
4. In the middle category -- that of the unnecessary but under-structive -- the writer lists the following, central heating, subway trains, washing machines, beer and even a not habit-forming drug like drooz, and all kinds of marvelous devices not yet invented, floating light sources, fuelless power, a cure for the common cold.
5. It looks like a broom closet or a disused tool room in the basement or cellar of a beautiful public building or a spacious private home. It has a locked door and no window. A little light seeps in between cracks in the boards. In one corner a couple of mops, with stiff, clotted, foul-smelling heads, stand near a rusty bucket.
The floor is dirt and damp.
6. It may be a boy or girl who looks about six, but actually is nearly ten. It is feeble-minded. Perhaps it was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition and neglect. It is so thin that there are no calves to its legs. Its belly protrudes. It is naked. Its buttocks and thighs are a mass of festered sores.
7.
8.
9.
Q B:
1. The whole material may be clearly divided into five parts. Paragraphs 1, 4, 5 and 6 describe the colorful celebrations of the Festival of Summer. Paragraphs 2 and 3 describe the people of Omelas and their views on happiness. Paragraph 8 describes the misery and suffering of the child. Paragraph 9, 10, and 12 describe the attitude of most people and their reactions to the child' s suffering. Paragraph 14 describes the different attitude and reactions of a few. (Q: Into how many distinct parts can this piece be conveniently divided?)
2.
3.
4.
5.The writer's view of happiness goes like this : \"Happiness is based on a just discrimination of what is necessary, what is neither necessary nor destructive, and what is destructive. \" It sounds reasonable.
6.
III :
1.The 1oud ringing of the bells, which sent the frightened swallows flying high, marked the beginning of the Festival of Summer in Omelas.
2.The shouting of the children could be heard clearly above the music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying by overhead.
3.The riders were putting the horses through some exercises because the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resisting the control of the riders.
4.After reading the above description the reader is likely to assume certain things.
5.An artist betrays his trust when he does not admit that evil is nothing fresh nor novel and pain is very dull and uninteresting.
6.They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up people full of intense feelings and they were not miserable people.
7.Perhaps it would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him, assuming his imagination will be equal to the task.
8.The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz may fill the streets of the city.
9.Perhaps the child was mentally retarded because it was born so or perhaps it has become very foolish and stupid because of fear, poor nourishment and neglect.
10.The habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that it will show no sign of improvement even if it is treated kindly and tenderly.
11.They shed tears when they see how terribly unjust they have been to the child, but these tears dry up when they realize how just and fair though terrible reality was.
12.
IV A:
1. rigging, lines and chains used aboard a ship especially in working sail and supporting masts and spars.
2. shimmering. shining with a soft tremulous light ; glimmer-mg
3. flight :rising, settling or flying in a flock
4. wound=make (one's way) in a winding or twisting course
5. restive .stubbornly resisting control
6.
7. litter :a covered and curtained couch provided with shafts and used for carrying a single passenger
8. singularly.exceptionally ; unusually
9.
10.modest =moderate or reasonable; not extreme
11. head.the highest or uppermost part of a thing
12. nobility, (the) state of being grand and impressive poignancy. (the) character of being emotionally touching or moving profundity ,intellectual depth
IV B:
1．happy一般指快乐的、幸福的，用以表示幸福的人、家庭、夫妻、生活、时代等；glad指感到特别的喜悦，这种喜悦一般是短暂的；cheerful指经常性的兴致高、乐观等；joyful和joyous都指特别高兴、喜悦。前者常由某事而引发，后者则是出于一惯的性情。
2．pleasure一般指感到满足、惬意，可指内心的喜悦?又可指外在的幸福；delight常指一种明显的喜悦，一种公开表露出的热情奔放的喜悦；joy指深切体验到的、常常外露的极其喜悦的心情；enjoyment常指比较含蓄的、内在的满足感。
3.ancient具体指年代久远；antique指某物不再流行，已经过时；archaic就时间而言．指具有古风的东西。
4.anger泛指不快的情绪；indignation指由不公正的、卑鄙的或侮辱性的事物引起的正当的气愤；rage指怒不可遏，暴跳如雷；fury指非常愤怒，气得要发疯；wrath指一种深沉的愤怒；想惩罚别人或报复他人。
IV C:
1．supple
2．pleasant；agreeable
3．worldly—wise people
4．Commonplace
5．distinguishing
6．abundance
7．lazy feeling；mystery
8．noble；sharing in
9．people supplying food
10．commanding
11．Feebleminded
12．Uninteresting
V A：略
V B:
1．This paragraph is an objective(realistic)description and spacial order is used for developing the paragraph．
2．This paragraph is emotional(impressionistic)description． The dominant impression that the writer wants to convey is expressed in the word fabulous．He therefore selects on1y those details \"which are fabulous．The equipment and furnishings which are common not reinforce the impression of are ignored completely.. to all ships and which do fabled wealth and luxury
3. This paragraph is also emotional (impressionistic) description. The dominant impression that the writer wants to convey is that her son is naughty but lovable. She picks this one dominant impression of her son and focuses on it.
LESSON 8 THE FUTURE OF THE ENGLISH
Q A:
1. Everything that happens in England is directed and influenced by instinctive feeling and not rational thought.
2. He is referring to some shop stewards and wealthy employers who have lost their Englishness.
3. Priestley puts forward five or six points to show that the English are different: 1)It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours actual events in England. 2)The English do not feel at home in the con-temporary world, representing the accelerated development of our whole age. They are suspicious of largeness, severe efficiency and Admass. 3) The English are also deeply suspicious of change for change' s sake. 4)The English can soon feel bored and. that' s why they gamble and booze so much and enjoy any dramatic change in public life. 5)The English have a sense of community, decent fellow feeling, fairness. 6)The English are at heart and at root an imaginative people immediately responsive to any suggestion of drama in their lives.
4. Admass stands for ruthless competitiveness, treating men simply as a producer and consumer and playing upon dissatisfaction, greed and envy, while Englishness stands for the invisible inner world, offering states of mind. The out- come of this battle between Admass and Englishness will decide the future of the English.
5. The future of the English may be shaped by the decision of the now vacillating huge trade unions. It will be shaped by the role they decide to play. They must come down decisively either on the side of Admass or that of Englishness.
6. The following people have rejected Admass: 1)workers in smallish, well-managed and honest enterprises, 2)crusty High Tories who avoid the City and directors' fees, 3)men and women in the professional classes. The last group of people are the most important for they are articulate and people are ready to listen to them. If the battle with A& mass can be won, it will probably be these men and women who will help Englishness to win it.
7. Priestley divides the English young into two groups. He is dubious about the noisy types, they lack individuality to stand up to Admass. He has more faith in the quieter young, who may have come under the influence of some mature professional men and women. They- too, might help to swing the battle.
8. The sloppy people are easy to get along with, rarely unkind, but they are not dependable; they are inept, shiftless, slovenly, messy. They lack self-discipline,
accepting no responsibility, skimping the work they are supposed to be doing, cheating not only \"the bosses\
9.There is widespread boredom in all heavily industrialized societies not simply because so much of the work they offer is boring. It is also because, after having shattered the slow rhythms, the traditional skills, the closely knit communities of rum societies, they crowd people together, excite them by large promises that cannot be kept, so drive them into boredom. When the English are bored they gamble and booze a lot. They enjoy any dramatic change in public life, any news that encourages excited talk. Bored teenagers, who have not been able to use up enough energy during the day turn at night to idiot vandalism. Later, if boredom hardens into frustration, some of them take to crime.
10.
Q B:
1. The dominant intention or the controversial topic (thesis) of his argument is stated early in paragraph 1 in one succinct sentence: \"The English are different. \"
2.No. Priestley does not provide sufficient evidence to support his position, nor is his reasoning on some points logically sound. Hence not all his issues or conflicts are resolved. This is a rather informal piece of argument, 'so the writer doesn' t marshal enough evidence to prove his points. In fact he appeals more to the emotions of his English readers than to their reason to drive home his point of
view.
3.
4.Yes, there are. Such as: stuff, shop , cosy, nudge, the City, safe to say, take a whip to, shrug off, along the way ,'etc.
5.
III:
1. The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.
2. What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people.
3. There are not many snarling shop stewards in the work-shop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers (or governing board of a factory).
4. The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness.
5. At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, English ness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.
6. Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose to be very wrong and harmful.
7. To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity~
8. I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning.
9. Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply.
10. These people probably believe, as I do, that the 'Good Life' promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects.
11. He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.
12.These people think of the House of Commons as a place rather far away where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matter.
13.If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and
for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.
IV A:
1. reservoir: a supply; especially an extra or reserve supply
2. 2. draw on: obtain something from a reserve, store, etc.
3. 3. shop steward, a person chosen by his fellow trade unionists in an industrial establishment to speak for them to the management and to watch over their interests
4. 4. board, board of managers; governing board of a factory
5. 5. scale, proportion ; relative dimensions
6. 6. keep clear of- avoid, refrain from
7. 7. overdraft: a)a withdrawal of money from a bank in excess of the amount credited to the drawer; b)the amount with-drawn in excess
8. 8. catch, a deception ; surprise ; a hidden qualification ; tricky condition
9.
10.walk—out：a strike(generally spontaneous and 0f a short duration)
11.11．van：the foremost position in a line，movement，field of endeavor，etc．
12.12．count：(1egal term)any of the charges in an indictment， each of which gives a reason and is sufficient for prosecution
13.
14.
IV B:
1．Some destructive and malignant in their character has made these people lose their Englishness．
2．At present they only create disorder and confusion(1ike a hippopotamus going in and out of a tea party held by small tamed domesticated animals).
3．They do not have the old harsh discipline nor do they have the new self-discipline.
4．Englishness needs extra nourishment and other things to make it strong especially now because public life seems ready to weaken it.
5．These peope regard politics as a game of polo, as a game they themselves do not play.
6．Englishness cannot flourish on narrow logical reason.
7．The English should not have a national character that is not much different from those of other people [-having traits in common with other national characters is like entering the Common Market (of Europe).
8．IV C:
1．rational强调思考的能力，以及“思考”这样一种行为。rea— sonable强调思考所得出的结论。
2．odd指与众不同，有时含有古怪离奇的意思，一般用于形容 人或物。eccentric指深藏于人们身上的不正常的特点，一般用于形容性格特征。
3．instinct指不受主观意识控制、天生的对刺激物的反应能力。 如：Suckling is an instinct in human beings．(吸吮是人的本能。)intuition是指在通过某种不易觉察的思考对某事迅速作出理解的能力。如：His intuition told him he was right． (他的直觉告诉他自己是正确的。)
4.
5.refuse指直接拒绝，有时含有粗鲁之意。reject语气稍缓，指委婉拒绝。
V A & V B：略
LESSON 9 THE LOONS
Q A:
1.
2.Because she had had tuberculosis of the bone, and should have a couple of months rest to get better.
3.Her mother first objected to take Piquette along because she was afraid that the girl would spread the disease to her children and she believed that the girl was not hygienic. She then agreed to do so because she preferred Piquette to the narrator's grandmother, who promised not to go along with the family and decided to stay in the city if the girl was taken along.
4.The cottage was called Macleod, their family name. The scenery there was quite beautiful with all kinds of plants and animals at the lakeside.
5.
6.
7,
8.
9.
III:
1.who looked deadly serious, never laughed
2.Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get involved in a rough, noisy quarrel or fight on a Saturday night after much drinking of liquor.
3.She often missed her classes and had little interest in schoolwork.
4.I only knew her as a person who would make other people feel ill at ease.
5.She lived and moved somewhere within my range of sight (Although I saw her, I paid little attention to her).
6.If my mother had to make a choice between Grandmother Macleod and Piquette, she would certainly choose the latter without hesitation, no matter whether the latter had nits or not.
7.
8.
9.Normally, she was a defensive person, and her face was guarded as if it was wearing a mask. But when she was saying this, there was an expression of challenge on her face, which, for a brief moment, became unguarded and unmasked. And in her eyes there was a kind of hope which was so intense that it
filled people with terror.
10.She looked a mess, to tell you the truth; she was a dirty, untidy woman, dressed in a very careless way.
11.She was brought in court several times, because she was drunk and disorderly as one could expect.
12.
13.
IV A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
IV B:
1.a rough and noisy quarrel or fight
2.2.very much
3.3.I'm absolutely sure
4.4.Why is that important? Why should I care?
5.5.1 am not supposed to walk unless it is necessary．
6.6.things like that
7. Are you crazy or what? My father and I and the others
8. first—class，fine name
9.Excellent
IV C:
1.lumber that is warped弯曲的木材
2.car tyres that are discarded被人扔掉的汽车轮胎
3.strands of barbed wire that are tangled together，wire that are barbed搅成一团团的铁丝网
4.wild strawberries that are bruised表皮被擦伤的野草莓
5.shoppers who are offended被得罪的顾客
6.walk in limping manner一瘸一拐地走路
7.a sound that ululates哀鸣
8.mockery that chills令人发冷的嘲笑
9.hope that terrifies令人生畏的希望
10.a resort that flourishes繁华的度假胜地
11.odours that penetrate强烈的气味
12.call that is drawn out for a long time拖长音的呜叫声
IV D:
1.shack指胡乱搭盖的、简陋的小屋；home尤其指一个或长或短的住处，并与此地有着感情和忠诚的紧密个人联系
2.bad words指有教养的人不讲的话；obscenities指令人讨厌的脏话
3.miraculously意为“神奇地”，“奇迹般地”；strangely enough 意为“特别奇怪地”，强调了“奇怪”的程度。
4.meticulously指过于细心，太拘小节；carefully有精细彻底或辛勤努力地的意思，表示以小心谨慎陶行为来避免错误 的出现；curious hands为转换修辞用法，实际上不指手，而 指那个小孩好奇；strange—looking意为“奇怪的样子”，指人的表情、外表看上去奇特或奇怪。
5.sullen意为“愠怒的”、“赌气的”；unhappy是常用词，表示 “不高兴的”。
6.respectfully指满怀敬意地；respectably指值得尊敬地。
7.rebuff表示断然拒绝；refusal意为不能照办或不能做某事，其“拒绝”的语气强，常强调态度坚决，有时甚至是粗鲁无礼。
8.path这里是指一长道反射的月光；reflection意为“反射”或 “被反射”，尤指镜中或静水中之映像。
9.suspect意指认为某事可能存在或发生，近于猜想；doubt 则指怀疑，不相信。
10.respond意为“反应”，不仅表现在语言上，还指作出积极的 行动；reply指对提出的问题或要求，经过认真考虑后，通过 书面、口头或某种行动的方式作正式的答复或回答。
V A & V B:略
LESSON 10 THE DISCOVERY OF WHAT IT MEANS TO BE AN AMERICAN
Q A:
1. He left America because he was afraid he might not be able to survive the fury of the color problem there. He wanted to prevent himself from becoming merely a Negro or even just a Negro writer. And he also wanted to find out how his special experience as a Negro could help to connect him with other people instead of dividing him from them.
2.He found himself to be as patriotic as the most patriotic Americans. He was. discriminated against and persecuted in America so he was very eager to leave it. But when he left it he was surprised to find that he loved America as much as any other white Americans.
3.He suffered a kind of nervous breakdown in Europe when he found many of his preconceptions and beliefs to be false and ungrounded. He went to Switzerland to recuperate from his breakdown. Bessie Smith through her beautiful singing of Negro folk music helped him remember and accept his Negro origins.
4. Europeans have lived with the idea of social status for a long time. European society has always been divided into classes, so people there accept the idea of status very easily and naturally. Whereas in America, a mobile society, a kind of social paranoia exists, because no one is certain what his status in society is. In America everyone thinks he has status and at the same time everyone becomes un- easy as to just what his status is.
5.
6.
7.American writers should find out the hidden laws and profound assumptions on the part f the people that govern American society . American writers should also try to unite the old vision of Europe and the new vision of America.（后半问答案）
Q B:
1. The central thesis of this exposition is the discovery of what it means to be an American, expressed by the title of the essay.
2.
3.Yes. The first sentence of this essay is a quotation. Beginning an essay with a quotation lends authority and force to what one intends to say. So, this apt and well-chosen quotation is very effective.
4.Yes, he did succeed. He found he loved America just as much as any other white American. He found that the origins of the black and the white Americans were not so important as the fact that they were searching for their separate identities. Finally he found that Europe had formed both the black and the white Americans, and this fact was part of their identity and inheritance.
5.The paradox is: though American society is more mobile than Europe' s, it is easier for different social and occupational groups to intermix in Europe than in America. It is difficult to intermix in America because everyone think he has status and yet no one is sure just what his status is. In Europe class lines are clear and everyone accepts naturally their social status, so intermixing without much friction is possible.
6.
III:
1. The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand.
2. 2. They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.
3. 3. They were all trying to find their own special individualities.
4. 4. I don't think I could have accepted in America my Negro status without
feeling ashamed.
5. It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and
occupations to intermingle and have social intercourse.
6. In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their
social status and position. They are not jealous of each other and do
not live in fear of losing their position.
7.I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the
city.
8. The reconsideration of the significance and importance of many things
that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though
very valuable.
9.The life of a writer really depends on his accepting the fact that no
matter where he goes or what he does he will always carry the marks of
his origins.
10. American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so
they do not have a fixed society to describe.
11. Every society is influenced and directed by hidden laws, and by many
things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not
openly spoken about.
IV A:
1.reconcile: induce (someone) to accept something disagreeable
2.cripple: frustrate, hinder; make unable or unfit to act, function effectively, etc
3.letters : the profession of a writer vocation: any trade, profession or occupation
4.myth : any fictitous story, or unscientific account, theory, belief, etc.
5.mobile: designating or of a society in which one may advance in social status and in which social groups mingle freely
6.borne in on: (formal English) (of a person affected) made to realize
7.terrace: an unroofed, paved area, immediately adjacent to a house, etc.
8.symptom: any circumstance, event, or condition that accompanies something and indicates its existence or occurrence ; sign ; indication
9.IV B:
1．complex指的是许多部分复杂地互相联系在一起。因而需要大量的知识和研究才能弄懂它，操纵它，如a complex mechanism. complicated则是指高度复杂的，以致很难分析、解 决和了解的，如“a complicated problem。
2．delusion隐含着一种与现实或事实相反的对某事的信念，它往往产生于一种蒙骗、误觉或者大脑神经不正常，如to have delusions of grandeur。illusion指的是一种错误的感觉，或 是对客观存在的一种错误的解析，如perspective in drawing gives the
illusion of depth。
3．intellectual指的是在更高层的知识领域内的一种敏锐的集兴趣和能力于一体的机智，如the intellectual pursuits of scholars。intelligent隐含着一种从经验获得的学习和解析的能力，一种成功地处理新事物的能力，如an intelligent boy。clever强调的是在学习和理解过程中的一种快速，有 时隐含着一种缺乏广度和深度的意思，如a c，lever dog。
4．probable指的是有迹象显示是理所当然和合乎逻辑的，既未得到肯定，也没有得到证明的，如the probable cause of the disease。possible用以修饰那些虽然不大可能，但人们却可以预想其存在、出现或者完成的事物，如a possible solution to the problem。likely指的是某事物具有比possible更大的 可能性，但却没有probable的可信度高，如It is likely to rain.
IV C;
1．major，most important
2．all kinds of；various
3．kind of
4．meet(unexpectedly)
5．5.sad；depressed
6.(a brief)visit or stay
7.wipe out：rub off
8.get to the bottom of
9.food；nourishment
10.inescapable
IV D:
1．All the things he believed and had faith in．all the things that gave him strength and courage to live his life now proved to be misconceptions。to be wrong．
2．A writer，when he discovers his specific identity in Europe，has only just managed to make a breakthrough，to win a small though crucial encounter，in the dangerous and unending struggle whose outcome one cannot yet foresee．
3．displaying his strength to defend himself or to avoid being attacked
4. remains in one of the lowest professions in American society, the writing profession
5. to change his habit
6. An American writer in Europe loses his doubts and fears and suddenly realizes who he is and what he can do. It is like a man suddenly coming out of a dark tunnel to find himself beneath the open sky.
7.In this attempt to unite the vision of Europe and that of America, it is the writer who can exert the strongest force and not the statesman.
V A & V B:略
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